and afterwards of Inwardleigh, both of them in Devonshire. In 1781 he published "Arthur," a poetical romance, the notes to which displayed a considerable knowledge of the northern mythology. He contributed also to Polwhele's Devonshire and Cornwall Poets. He was one of the earliest members of the Literary Society at Exeter, and his later works were chiefly communications to it. He addressed to it "Remarks on the Arabian Nights Entertainments, in which the origin of Sindbad's voyages and other oriental fictions is particularly considered," a little work (published separately in 1797) full of curious lore, and seeking to establish a basis in reality for some of the fanciful legends of the East. He died in 1803.—F E.
HOLINSHED, Raphael, whose name is associated with a celebrated collection of chronicles, is himself almost without a biography. He is said to have been descended from a family of the same name which lived at Bosley in Cheshire, and if Anthony Wood's statement is to be accepted, he received a university education and became a clergyman. But all this is uncertain. From the date of his will and of the probate of it, he died between 1578 and 1582. In this document he leaves his property to his "maister Thomas Burdett of Bromcote," Warwickshire, and hence it has been supposed that he was that person's steward. The Chronicles which bear Holinshed's name were first published in 1577—a second edition appearing in 1587, with additions, and also with excisions made to please Queen Elizabeth's government. In the prefaces and dedications to sections of the Chronicles, Holingshed explains that their original compilation was undertaken by Reginald Wolfe, the well-known painter, who had planned a cosmography with particular histories of each nation, an anticipation, as it were, of the Universal History of the eighteenth century. When Wolfe died, after working at the task for five-and-twenty years, his heirs deemed it too large for completion, and resolved to print only the portion which referred to England, Scotland, and Ireland. Holinshed, as Wolfe's assistant, was made the editor, and Stowe speaks of his share in the enterprise as even more insignificant. Several important sections of the work are avowedly by other authors and compilers, William Harrison, Hooker, Stanihurst, &c.; but Holinshed's contributions are considerable, and he was evidently a man of great reading in the history of these islands.—F. E.
HOLKAR, Mulhar Rao, founder of the Mahratta house of that name, was a Sillidar, who in the early development of the Mahratta power, commanded a party of horse of his own. He was a native of the village of Hohl on the Neera. He distinguished himself before 1724 by his bravery and skilful strategy in Mahratta warfare, and about 1750 more than half of Malwa was granted him by the peishwa, and there he established what was virtually an independent sovereignty.—F. E.
HOLL, Elias, a celebrated German architect, was the son of Johann Holl, an architect of some note in his day. Elias was born at Augsburg in 1573, went early to Venice, and formed his style on the architecture of that city. His chief work is the Augsburg town-hall (Rathhaus), 1617-29—perhaps the finest semi-Italian structure in Germany. He also erected several other of the public buildings and churches of Augsburg, the palatial castles of Wilbadsburg at Eichstädt, of Schönfeld, &c. He died in 1636.—J. T—e.
HOLLAND, Henry, an architect, was born about 1746. He was much patronized by the prince of Wales, afterwards George IV., for whom he altered Carlton house, and added to it the Ionic screen and Corinthian portico—features greatly admired in their day—and erected the pavilion at Brighton, which, however, was afterwards entirely transformed, at the command of his royal patron, by Mr. Nash. Holland built or remodelled the residences of several noblemen, including Featherstonhaugh house, Whitehall, built by Payne for the duke of York; Claremont, built by Brown, &c. His most important original work was Old Drury Lane theatre, a much larger structure than the present, but incommodious, and ill-adapted for hearing. The East India house was designed by Holland, but erected under the superintendence of R. Jupp, the company's surveyor, who is commonly spoken of as its architect; it was subsequently enlarged by Mr. Wilkins, R.A., and Mr. C. R. Cockerell, R.A. Brooks' clubhouse is another of Holland's buildings, and the screen wings of the Glasgow Assembly rooms were added by him. Holland's reputation rests now mainly on contemporary reports and views of his buildings. The buildings themselves are mostly gone, or so altered as to leave the original design scarcely recognizable. What remains of them does not impress us with a very high opinion of his constructive ability or artistic taste.—J. T—e.
* HOLLAND, Sir Henry, Bart., M.D., F.R.S., an eminent physician, is the eldest son of Peter Holland, Esq., of Knutsford, Cheshire, where he was born in 1788. He was educated for the profession, in which he has risen to distinction, at the London medical school, and at the university of Edinburgh where he graduated as M.D. in 1811. During the next two years he travelled in the east of Europe, and published in 1815 a quarto volume, "Travels in the Ionian Islands, Albania, Thessaly, Macedonia," &c. Settling in London as a physician, he gradually rose to the head of his profession. In the August of 1840 he was appointed physician in ordinary to the prince consort, and in the December of 1852 physician in ordinary to the queen. The year after he was created a baronet. In 1856 the university of Oxford conferred on him the degree of D.C.L. Sir Henry Holland published in 1840 a volume of thirty-four essays on curious and interesting points of medical science and philosophy; it reached a third edition in 1855. In 1852 appeared his "Chapters on Mental Physiology" (second edition, 1858), founded chiefly on such essays in his former work as treated of "that particular part of human physiology which comprises the reciprocal actions and relations of mental and' bodily phenomena as they make up the totality of life." Sir Henry Holland has been twice married. His second wife was the daughter of the celebrated Sydney Smith, whose letters, &c., Mrs. Austin edited, prefixing an interesting memoir of him.—F. E.
HOLLAND, Henry Fox, first Lord, a celebrated English statesman, was the younger son of Sir Stephen Fox, and was born in 1705. He was educated first at Eton, and subsequently at Christ church, Oxford, where he spent three years, from 1721 to 1724. In his youth he was notorious for his wild and reckless dissipation; he greatly impaired his fortune, which was not large, by gambling, and was in consequence obliged to spend some time on the continent. His abilities and social qualities recommended him to the favour of Lord Sunderland, who brought him into parliament in 1735 as member for the burgh of Hindon. He attached himself to Sir Robert Walpole, who bestowed upon him in 1737 the place of surveyor at the board of works. In 1743, on the retirement of Sir Robert, Fox became a lord of the treasury, and in the following year increased his political influence by a clandestine marriage with Lady Charlotte Lennox, daughter of the duke of Richmond. In 1746 Fox became secretary of war, an office for which he was indebted mainly to the influence of the duke of Cumberland, and was regarded by many as the natural successor of Pelham, who was then at the head of the treasury. But though his talents both for business and debate were of a very high order, and his constant good humour and frankness made him a great favourite in social life, he had been trained in a bad school, and is described by Lord Chesterfield as a man who "had not the least notion of a regard for the public good or the constitution, but despised these cares as the objects of narrow minds." He failed in consequence to gain public confidence, and ultimately became one of the most unpopular statesmen of his day. On the death of Mr. Pelham in 1754, his brother, the duke of Newcastle, who succeeded him as first lord of the treasury, offered to Fox the seals of secretary of state and the lead of the house of commons, coupled, however, with conditions which Fox considered degrading. He therefore declined the offer, but promised to continue his services as secretary at war. Pitt and he, however, filled with resentment at the manner in which they had been treated by the premier, united in opposing his government; and Newcastle, terrified at their attacks, renewed his negotiations with Fox, who in an evil hour for his own reputation, deserted Pitt, and consented to enter the cabinet in 1755, and was soon after made secretary of state with efficient powers and the lead in the house of commons. In the following year he resigned his office in disgust at the perfidy and childishness of Newcastle—a step which was soon after followed by the retirement of the duke himself. On the dismissal of Pitt in 1757 the king made several unsuccessful attempts to form an administration under Fox and Newcastle, but was ultimately compelled, much against his will, to replace Pitt, whom he detested, in his former office of secretary, with the duke at the treasury. Fox, to the surprise of every one, consented to accept the subordinate office of paymaster of the forces, without even a seat in the cabinet of his triumphant rival. This was undoubtedly a great downfall, but the office of paymaster was
