copied from them. The council of course refused to admit the picture, and Hone made an independent exhibition of it, along with some others of his paintings. Sir Joshua took no notice of the attack, and public opinion went strongly against the satirist. A somewhat similar attack on Angelica Kaufmann excited even stronger feeling. Hone died in 1784, and would have been long since forgotten but for having become thus unluckily associated with the name of Reynolds.—J. T—e.
HONE, William, a political satirist and contributor to our popular antiquities, was born in 1779 at Bath, the son of a man who began life as an attorney's clerk, and after a changeful career, marked midway by an outburst of religious zeal, became a lime-merchant in the metropolis. By this parent Hone was strictly brought up, and placed at an early age in the office of a London attorney. Though a mere boy at the breaking out of the French revolution. Hone imbibed the political tenets of the London Corresponding Society; and his careful father, accordingly, removed him to an attorney's office at Chatham. After a few years he returned to London; and at last, wearying of the routine of an attorney's office, he started in 1800 as a bookseller, with a circulating library attached. For many years his life was a series of failures, aggravated by the responsibilities and cares of wedlock and paternity. Episodes of philanthropy and social reform—such as an abortive effort to establish a savings' bank in Blackfriars Road, and to correct the abuses rife in lunatic asylums; the publication in 1806 of an edition of Shaw's Gardener, and the compilation of the index to the new edition of Berners' translation of Froissart—varied a career which saw him twice bankrupt; once as a bookseller, the second time as "trade" auctioneer, a post to which he was preferred by the good-will of his bookselling brethren. After a trial of authorship by profession, and of bookselling again, he became publisher of one paper, and, in 1816, founder of another, the Reformist's Register, the aim of which is indicated by its title, but which, it may be added, attacked the doctrines of Robert Owen. With 1817 Hone became celebrated; he issued a series of political squibs, illustrated with great force and spirit by George Cruickshank, then a young and unknown man, and their success was great. Not content with ordinary satire, however, Hone published three political squibs, in which the language of the Prayer-book was parodied or mimicked, and for each of these he was tried on a charge of blasphemy in the December of 1817. Hone defended himself on each occasion; procuring a verdict of acquittal from three juries successively, and that in spite of adverse judges. Numerous sympathizers subscribed a sum of money, with which he started in business again; but still without success. The trial had another result. It was part of Hone's defence, that sacred language had been imitated by men of undoubted eminence with no scoffing purpose; and, indeed, there is reason to believe that although he was not until a later period a religious man, the reproach of wilful blasphemy brought against his parodies wounded him deeply. The researches which he made to support this plea familiarized him with an obscure section of literature. Hence, in 1821, his publication of a curious and interesting volume, "The Apocryphal New Testament, being all the Gospels, Epistles, &c., attributed in the first four centuries to Jesus Christ, his Apostles, and their companions;" followed, in 1823, by his "Ancient Mysteries described, especially the English Miracle Plays founded on the Apocryphal New Testament story extant among the unpublished MSS. in the British Museum"—a work, at that date, of some antiquarian value. In 1826 he began the issue, in weekly numbers, of his "Every-day Book," followed by his "Table Book," and his "Year Book;" works full of curious and interesting matter chiefly elucidative of old customs, manners, and events, and which were warmly praised by some of Hone's most eminent literary contemporaries. To their author, burdened with a large family, and constitutionally unfitted for the battle of life, they brought no relief. The "Every-day Book" was finished, and its two successors composed, in the king's bench, where he was imprisoned for debt. After his release from prison he tried, with the assistance of friends, a new vocation, that of landlord of a coffee-house; but neither did this succeed. Subsequently he was deeply impressed by religious views, became an attendant at chapel, and even, it is said, occasionally a preacher. Through this connection, presumably, he obtained the sub-editorship of the Patriot. He edited Strutt's Sports and Pastimes in 1838; and the first article in the first number of the Penny Magazine was from his pen. He died, after a second attack of paralysis, in the November of 1842. A little work—giving an account of the revolution in his religious sentiments—which appeared after his death, with the title "Early Life and Conversion of William Hone, written by himself; edited by his son William Hone," is a fragment of the autobiography of his father.—F. E.
HONORATUS, Saint, Bishop of Aries, born in the second half of the fourth century. Hilary, who succeeded him, hat written a curious account of his life, from which it appears that he was founder of the celebrated monastery of Lerins. None of his writings are extant. He died either in 429 or 440, most probably in the former year.—B. H. C.
HONORIUS, Emperor of Rome, born in 384, was the younger son of Theodosius, at whose death in 395 the empire was divided; Arcadius receiving the eastern portion, and Honorius the western. Neither of the sons inherited their father's abilities; and the troubles which followed his decease would have speedily crushed the youthful and indolent Honorius, if they had not been checked by the genius of Stilicho, his kinsman and guardian. That distinguished general, claiming the tutelage of Arcadius also, directed his first efforts against Rufinus, who ruled the councils of the Eastern empire; but the overthrow of the ambitious prefect only gave to other favourites the power at Constantinople, and Stilicho determined to withdraw, rather than provoke a war between the two brothers. In 397 the revolt of Gildo in Africa was rendered formidable by the dependence of Rome on the harvests of that region, and by the encouragement given to the rebel by Arcadius. The prudent measures of Stilicho, however, brought abundant supplies from Gaul, and the army which he despatched across the Mediterranean, under the command of Mascezal, the injured brother of Gildo, speedily quelled the insurrection. About the same time the Goths threatened the empire on the opposite side. Alaric, after attacking Constantinople, had turned westwards and overrun Greece. There Stilicho met him, checked his progress, reduced him to great straits, and might have driven him out of the country, had not the commission of Arcadius, constituting Alaric his military representative in that quarter, induced the general of Honorius to retire. A few years later the Goths in alliance with the Huns penetrated into Italy; but Stilicho, undaunted amid the prevailing consternation, drew together the legions from the provinces, defeated the invaders at Pollentia, and by another signal victory obtained near Verona compelled them to recross the Alps. These successes having been celebrated with triumphal rejoicings at Rome in 404, the seat of government was transferred to Ravenna; and two years later a new inroad of the barbarians was repelled by Stilicho; but in 408 he was put to death on suspicion of traitorous designs. The main prop of the empire being thus removed, serious disasters followed. Rome was twice taken by Alaric; on the second occasion, in 410, the city was given up to plunder, and the marriage of the emperor's sister Placidia to Ataulphus, the successor of Alaric, only induced the barbarian leader to seek a settlement in the Gallic and Spanish provinces of the enfeebled empire. Meanwhile, these provinces and Britain had begun to be the scene of events equally humiliating to Honorius. From 407 to 421 a succession of usurpers had assumed the rights of sovereignty there; and in the latter year, Constantius, the general who had been intrusted with the repression of these disorders, was rewarded for his services with a share of the imperial dignity and the hand of the widowed Placidia—favours which he owed as much to the fears as to the gratitude of his sovereign. Honorius died in 423; he had married the daughter of Stilicho, but left no issue; and as his colleague Constantius had not survived his investiture with the purple more than seven months, the sceptre of the Western empire, after the brief reign of the usurper John, passed into the bands of Valentinian III., the son of Placidia.—W. B.
HONORIUS, the name of several popes.
Honorius I. succeeded to the papal chair in 626, after the death of Boniface V. At that period Britain was a subject of interest and anxiety at Rome, on account of Augustine's success among the pagan Saxons, and the opposition of the old British churches to the pontifical claim of supremacy. Bede records that Honorius wrote a letter of exhortation and encouragement to Edwin, the recently converted king of Northumbria, and a missive to the recusant presbyters enjoining conformity in the time of observing Easter. The dogma of the Monothelites,
