Hooker's aversion, and his mental tendency was ever to guard, fence, and modify dogmatic assertions. These qualities are seen in his other publications, as in that on Justification, and in his reply to Travers. The "Polity" is ennobled by many a paragraph of solemn eloquence, not only where the argument heaves into declamatory grandeur, but also where the tangled and prolix reasoning seems to pause and double upon itself; or when, as Fuller describes it, "he drives a whole stock of clauses before he comes to the close of a sentence." Hooker's profound and comprehensive mind had an amazing opulence, whose treasures sometimes overlay the argument. Hallam compares the "Polity" with Cicero De Legibus; but the English mind had more serene depth and far-reaching power than the Roman one. His prose, too, is an epoch in our language and literature. It preceded Bacon's Essays, and only a fragment of Shakspeare might be contemporary. But Hooker has developed the resources of his native tongue, and was among the first to prove its fullness, expressiveness, and harmonies. The sweep and cadence of his sentences are in felicitous unison with the march and majesty of the thought and imagery. Fuller says of him—"His voice was low, stature little, gesture none at all in the pulpit."—(Life by Izaak Walton; Art., North British Review, No. 52; Works by Keble, Oxford, 3 vols. 1836.)—J. E.
HOOKER, Thomas, the first minister of Cambridge, Massachusetts, and one of the founders of Connecticut, was born at Marefield in Leicestershire in 1586. He studied at Emanuel college, Cambridge, where he graduated and became professor. Subsequently he preached in London and at Chelmsford; but having been laid under an interdict by Laud for attacking the privileges of the church, he went over to Holland, and in 1633 emigrated to New England and settled at Cambridge, where he was for some time pastor. In 1636 he removed to Connecticut river, and laid the foundations of Hartford, where he was minister till his death in 1647. Several religious treatises and many of his sermons were printed.—B. H. C.
HOOKER, Sir William Jackson, a celebrated English botanist, was born at Norwich in 1785. He was originally intended for a mercantile life, but his early love of botany caused an alteration in the plans of his friends. He devoted himself to scientific pursuits. In 1809, at the suggestion of Sir Joseph Banks, he paid a visit to Iceland, and spent the summer in that island. He made large botanical collections, which were unfortunately destroyed by fire, and he had to draw up an account of his trip chiefly from memory. The narrative was printed in 1811, at the suggestion of Mr. Dawson Turner of Yarmouth, whose eldest daughter was married to Hooker in 1814. This work made him known to the scientific world; and from that time he maintained a position of the highest eminence. His writings were varied and extensive, and he did much to advance botany by his publications, herbarium, and lectures. From 1812 to 1816 he was engaged on a Monograph of British Jungermanniaceæ, a work of high authority, illustrated by excellent coloured plates of the species. Cryptogamic botany attracted much of his attention, and he joined Dr. Taylor in drawing up an account of British mosses, which appeared in 1818 under the title of Muscologia Britannica. Subsequently he published his "Musci Exotici." He was appointed regius professor of botany in the university of Glasgow, and lectured with great success for many years. He stimulated many of his pupils to enter zealously on botanical pursuits, and he was instrumental in sending forth many able collectors to various parts of the world; some of whom have occupied high positions as botanists, both in this country and abroad. He also aided in the formation of the Glasgow botanic gardens. During the excursions with his pupils he was led to examine the plants of Scotland, and in 1821 he published the "Flora Scotica, or descriptions of Scottish plants." For the use of students he drew up, in 1822, "Botanical Illustrations," being a series of figures designed to illustrate the terms employed in botany. The plants introduced by him into the botanic gardens led to the description of new and rare species, which were given in the "Exotic Flora," 1823-27, and subsequently in Curtis' Botanical Magazine, of which he was the editor for a great number of years. In his Botanical Miscellany, 1830-33; his Journal of Botany; the London Journal of Botany, 1834-46; and Kew Garden Miscellany, he also published many valuable papers. With Dr. Greville he produced a work with coloured plates, entitled "Icones Filicum," in 2 vols. folio. In 1830 the first edition of his "British Flora," appeared, a work which has gone through many editions, in the more recent of which he was assisted by Professor Walker-Arnott. In 1835-36 the Companion to the Botanical Magazine appeared, containing interesting scientific information and accounts of the labours of travellers in various parts of the globe. In 1833-40, he was engaged in drawing up an account of the botany of the northern parts of British North America, compiled chiefly from the plants collected by Sir John Richardson and Mr. Drummond. This was published under the name of "Flora Boreali-Americana." Figures and descriptions of rare plants in his herbarium were given in the "Icones Plantarum," extending from 1837-60. The botany of Captain Beechey's voyages to the Pacific and Behring's Straits, was drawn up by him in conjunction with Dr. Walker-Arnott in 1841. In that year he gave up his professorship in Glasgow, on being chosen director of the Royal gardens at Kew—an office which, till his death, he filled with the greatest credit to himself and the highest benefit to the country. Subsequently to his appointment he made many improvements in the arrangements of the garden. He induced government to increase the funds allowed for its support, to build conservatories and a noble palm-house, and to found a botanical museum and library. His valuable herbarium, the largest in Britain, was kept in rooms at Kew, and was accessible to botanists. It was consulted by all who were engaged in drawing up special floras or monographs. Among his other works are, "Genera Filicum, or illustrations of ferns from the coloured drawings of Bauer;" "Notes on the Botany of the Antarctic Voyage conducted by Captain James Clark Ross;" "Species Filicum, a description of all known ferns;" "A Century of Orchidaceous Plants and a Century of Ferns;" "Guide to the Botanic Gardens and to the Museum at Kew." Sir William Hooker also contributed a large number of papers to the Transactions of learned societies. Besides being a fellow of the Royal Society, a vice-president of the Linnæan Society, and an honorary fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, his name was enrolled on the lists of the distinguished scientific societies of Paris, Berlin, Vienna, New York, &c. He was knighted in 1836 on account of high scientific attainments. In 1845 he received the honorary degree of D.C.L. from the university of Oxford; and in 1858 he was made knight of the legion of honour. He rendered valuable services to the Great Exhibition at Paris. Few men have had a more distinguished and honourable career in science, and few have done more to advance the study of botany in Britain. Sir William died 12th August, 1865.—J. H. B.
HOOLE, Charles, an eminent schoolmaster in London, and subsequently rector of Stock, near Billericay in Essex, was born in 1610 at Wakefield in Yorkshire, and educated at Lincoln college, Oxford. He published "Pueriles Confabulatiunculæ;" "Aditus facilis ad Linguam Latinam;" "Corderius' Colloquies;" "Rudiments of the Latin Grammar," and many other elementary books, which were often reprinted, and were long in general use in schools. He died in 1666.—G. BL.
* HOOLE, Elijah, D.D., Wesleyan minister and orientalist, born at Manchester in 1798; went to India in 1819 as a missionary, and returned home on account of ill health in 1828, after acquiring the reputation of being one of the most thorough Tamil scholars of that day. From 1830 to 1834 he was the secretary of the Irish Mission schools, and in 1835 was appointed one of the general secretaries of the Wesleyan Missionary Society, which office he yet fills. He is author of "A Mission to Madras, Mysore, and Southern India," which has passed through two editions; "A Year Book of Missions," 8vo, 1847; "Dureisani Tamil Puttagam, or the lady's Tamil book," published in 1859, which is an epitome of Tamil grammar, with the addition of the morning and evening services, and other portions of the Book of Common Prayer.—W. B. B.
HOOLE, John, the translator of Tasso and Ariosto, was the son of a London watchmaker, machinist of Covent Garden theatre, and born in Moorfields in 1727. He received a tolerable education, and improved it after he had been at school, when, for instance, he acquired his knowledge of Italian. His father wished him to follow his own trade, but to this his short sight opposed an insuperable obstacle. He was placed in the accountant's office of the East India Company; and at thirty married a handsome quakeress, becoming through her acquainted with John Scott of Amwell, the quaker poet, whose life he afterwards wrote. In time he was removed to a more lucrative
