pictures, statues, and furniture, selected and arranged with the greatest care and taste. He published in 1805 a handsome volume, "Household Furniture," enforcing with novel enthusiasm his views on what may be called the philosophy of furniture, and illustrated by drawings of the furniture of his own mansion. Somewhat ridiculed at the time, this work is now valued as having given an early impulse to the study and practice of decorative art in this country. In 1809 appeared his elaborate work on the "Costume of the Ancients;" and he also published a letter to F. Annesley, Esq., on the proposed designs for Downing college, Cambridge. In his devotion to art Mr. Hope did not neglect the artist class. He was the earliest patron of Thorwaldsen; he encouraged the rising genius of Chantrey, and called into requisition the recognized skill of Flaxman. His seat, the Deepdene in Surrey, owed much to his picturesque taste. Mr. Hope was known only as a connoisseur and a munificent patron of art, when, in 1819, appeared anonymously, "Anastasius, or memoirs of a modern Greek at the close of the eighteenth century," a sort of oriental Gil Blas. The quiet but intense power of its delineations of eastern life and character at once attracted general attention, and this, with the character of the hero, led critics to ascribe its authorship to Lord Byron. That it was the work of the author of "Household Furniture" was scoffingly denied, and an amusing expression of surprise, when its authorship was avowed by Mr. Hope, was forced from Sydney Smith in an appreciatory criticism of "Anastasius" in the Edinburgh Review, the periodical in which Mr. Hope's furniture-enthusiasm had long before been ridiculed. Nothing more of Mr. Hope's was published until his death, which occurred on the 3rd of February, 1831. Soon afterwards appeared his "Essay on the Origin and Prospects of Man," when it was made evident that the personage who had been considered a mere dilettante, was not only the author of one of the most striking novels of the time, but had brooded for years over the construction of a new system of the universe. The "Origin and Prospects of Man "may be considered the parent of the celebrated Vestiges of Creation, in which it is frequently quoted and referred to. With Frederick Schlegel's Philosophy of Language, it formed the basis of one of the most remarkable of Mr. Carlyle's essays, that entitled Characteristics. Another posthumous work of Mr. Hope was the "Historical Essay on Architecture," published in 1835, and which has attained a popularity denied to its predecessor. Mr. Hope married in 1807 Louisa, youngest daughter of the Honourable and Most Reverend W. Beresford, archbishop of Tuam (subsequently created Lord Decies), and left at his decease three sons surviving. Mrs. Hope afterwards married Fieldmarshal Viscount Beresford.—F. E.
HOPE, Sir William Johnstone, born in 1766 at Finchley in Middlesex, entered the English navy at an early age; and before he had passed his sixteenth year obtained a lieutenant's commission in the frigate Dædalus. Having subsequently acted for a short period as flag-lieutenant to Admiral Milburne, he attracted the attention of the duke of Clarence, afterwards William IV., and was honoured with an invitation to accompany him to the coasts of America as one of the officers of the Pegasus; from which vessel Mr. Hope passed to the Boreas then under the orders of Nelson. In 1793 he obtained the command of a fireship, and in the following year joined the Bellerophon, with the rank of post-captain. The apprehensions of a French invasion in 1795 brought him to Scotland, where he was employed to organize a small squadron of gun-brigs on the Forth. Four years later he served in the expedition to Holland, and having afterwards joined the Mediterranean fleet, he conveyed Sir Ralph Abercromby to the scene of his victory and death at Alexandria. In 1819 Mr. Hope was raised to the rank of vice-admiral, having previously held a seat at the board of admiralty, to which he was again called in 1820. These merited honours were followed by his investiture with the grand cross of the bath, and by his appointment to the treasurership of Greenwich hospital. He had entered parliament in 1800, and he continued to represent Dumfriesshire till within a year of his death, which took place in 1831.—W. B.
HOPITAL. See L'Hopital.
HOPKINS, Charles, son of Bishop Ezekiel Hopkins, was born at Exeter in 1664, and was sent, after acquiring the rudiments of education, to complete his studies at Trinity college, Dublin, and finally at (Queen's college, Cambridge. Mr. Hopkins was in Ireland during the rebellion of 1688, and he elected in the contest to take part with the house of Orange. His subsequent career, upon his return to England, was one over which we must pass as lightly as possible. He plunged into all the gaieties of London, and ruined his constitution by his riotous intemperance. He died in 1699, in his thirty-sixth year, the victim of his debaucheries. He has left some original pieces and some translations; among others, a version of the Art of Love, which introduced him to Lord Dorset; and he also wrote two or three tragedies, one of which, called "Pyrrhus," was printed in 1695, with an epilogue by Congreve.—Charles Hopkins had a brother John, born in 1675, who likewise became an author. The latter published the "Triumphs of Peace, or the glories of Nassau;" the "Victory of Death," and a collection of poems entitled "Amasia, or the works of the muses."—W. C. H.
HOPKINS, Ezekiel, Bishop of Londonderry, and one of the ablest English divines in the seventeenth century, was the son of the curate of Stanford in Devon, where he was born in 1663. He was educated at Oxford, and was one of the choristers, and afterwards chaplain of Magdalen college; but was originally connected with the presbyterian party, and about the period of the Restoration was assistant to Dr. Spurstow of Hackney, one of the puritan divines who wrote under the name of Smectymnus. He was in consequence refused admission by the bishop of London to one of the city churches, of which he had been elected preacher. He was subsequently presented to St. Mary Woolnoth in London. When the plague broke out in the capital, Hopkins retired to Exeter, where he obtained the living of St. Mary's. He became a great favourite of Lord Robartes, who bestowed upon him the hand of his daughter Araminta; and when he was appointed lord lieutenant of Ireland in 1669, obtained for his son-in-law the deanery of Raphoe. In 1671 Hopkins was made bishop of that diocese, and was translated to Londonderry in 1681. When the famous siege of that town took place in 1689, the ex-puritan bishop inculcated on his flock with great zeal, but little success, the doctrine of passive resistance. He ultimately withdrew from the town during the course of the siege, and retired to London, where he was made rector of St. Mary Aldermanbury. He died in June, 1690. Hopkins' works, which are exclusively theological, are deservedly held in high esteem for their clearness and vigour of thought, spiritual fervour, sound sense, and purity of style.—J. T.
HOPKINS, John. See Sternhold.
HOPKINS, Matthew, the witchfinder, is supposed to have been the son of Mr. James Hopkins, minister of Wenham, and in 1645 was residing at Manningtree in Essex, when an epidemic cry of witchcraft arose in the district. Cunning, impudent, and unscrupulous, Hopkins turned the popular delusion to his own profit, and presently dubbed himself "witchfinder-general." His beat lay in the counties of Essex, Sussex, Norfolk, and Huntingdon, which he explored in the exercise of his strange profession, accompanied by a male assistant and a female, making a regular charge for a visit to any particular locality, with an allowance for living and travelling expenses. His plan was to torture the unhappy wretches suspected of witchcraft into a confession of their crime. One of his favourite ordeals was the trial by immersion in deep water, when death was inevitable, since, according to the popular theory, escape from drowning under the circumstances was a proof of guilt. His proceedings at last, however, seem to have produced a reaction and the overt hostility of the intelligent. In his Historical Essay on Witchcraft, Dr. Hutchinson records that in 1645 some gentlemen of the district subjected Hopkins to his own favourite ordeal of drowning, and so "rid the country of him." In 1647 was published his "Discovery of Witches," in which something of an apologetic tone is manifested. It seems likely that he died in the course of the same year. There are notices of Hopkins and his pamphlet in Sir Walter Scott's Letters on Demonology and Witchcraft.—F. E.
HOPKINS, Samuel, D.D., a laborious and learned American divine, born at Waterbury, Connecticut, September 17, 1721; graduated at Yale college in 1741; studied theology under Jonathan Edwards; and in 1743 was ordained minister in Massachusetts. He afterwards removed to Newport in Rhode Island, where he continued from 1770 till his death in 1803. Dr. Hopkins bore a good name for piety and zeal, as well as unparalleled powers of application; but his sentiments involved him in difficulties which nearly led to his removal from New-
