the Illustrated Record of Important Events. His "Introduction to the Study of Bibliography" appeared in 1814; and his "History of the Mahometan Empire in Spain" in 1816, in which year he edited Murphy's Arabian Antiquities of Spain. In 1818 appeared the "Introduction to the Critical Study of the Holy Scriptures," a work which is the basis of his reputation, and which, after having the rare fortune to reach a ninth edition, was recast by himself in conjunction with Dr. S. Davidson, Dr. Tregelles, and Mr. Ayre. This work on its first appearance obtained for Mr. Horne from the bishop of London admission to orders without the customary university degrees. In 1829 the university of Cambridge conferred upon him the degree of B.D., and in 1831 he was made prebendary of Sneating in St. Paul's cathedral. He was appointed in 1833 to the rectorship of the united parishes of St. Edmund the King with St. Nicolas Acons in London. He received the degree of D.D. from Washington college, Hartford, Connecticut, and from the university of Pennsylvania. For a long time he was officially connected with the British museum, and until very recently was supernumerary keeper of printed books, a post which he resigned in consequence of his advanced age. He died in 1862. He paid great attention to the cataloguing of books, and in 1825 published "Outlines for the Classification of a Library," and made a catalogue of the library of Queen's college, Cambridge, 1827. In addition to the works enumerated, he published several in defence of christian truth against sceptics, deists, and atheists, and in defence of protestantism against popery; "A Manual of Biblical Bibliography;" "A Compendious Introduction to the Study of the Bible;" the "Communicant's Companion," and others; besides contributing to the Encyclopædia Metropolitana and numerous periodicals.—B. H. C.
HORNE TOOKE. See Tooke.
HORNECK, Dr. Anthony, a popular preacher in London in the reign of William III., was a native of Germany, being born at Bacharach in the Lower Palatinate in 1641. He was educated first at Heidelberg, then at Leyden, and coming to England at the age of nineteen, was entered at Queen's college, Oxford, in 1663. Two years later he became tutor to Lord Torrington, the son of General Monk, duke of Albemarle, who gave him the living of Dolton in Devonshire, and procured him from Bishop Sparrow a prebend in Exeter cathedral. In 1671 he was chosen preacher at the Savoy, and having a conscientious objection to pluralities and non-residence, he resigned his living in Devonshire. His reputation for piety and his pathetic sermons drew crowded congregations to the Savoy church from all parts of the town, so that it was said his parish was the largest in London, extending from Whitechapel to Whitehall. Being much befriended by the family of the Russels, he was about to be appointed, in 1689, to the living of St. Paul's, Covent Garden, when the parishioners showed so great an aversion towards him that Dr. Tillotson was obliged to recommend another divine in his place. In 1693, however, he was compensated by a presentation to a prebend in Westminster abbey. With Dr. Beveridge he had the chief direction of the religious societies which began to be formed in the reign of James II. He died at Westminster in 1697. His life, prefixed to a collection of his sermons, was published by Bishop Kidder in 1706. For list of works see Allibone's Dictionary.—R. H.
HORNEMANN, Jens Wilken, a Danish botanist, was born in 1770, and died in 1842. He studied at the university of Copenhagen, and obtained a prize in 1795 for an essay on the economical plants of Denmark. In 1798 he made a botanical tour through Germany, France, and Britain, and in 1801 he was appointed lecturer at the botanic garden of Copenhagen. In 1804 he succeeded Vahl as director of the garden and regius professor of botany. He published an account of the plants in the Copenhagen botanic garden, and a dissertation on the plants of Guinea. He superintended for some time the publication of the Flora Danica, and he was the editor of a Danish Natural History Magazine. He was a fellow of the Linnæan Society of London.—J. H. B.
HORNER, Francis, was the son of an Edinburgh merchant, and was born August 12, 1778. After passing through the ordinary course of study at the high school and university, where he outstripped his compeers and attracted the notice of his teachers by his studious habits and remarkable industry, he was called to the Scottish bar, June 6, 1800, and began to practise with a fair prospect of success. He was a leading member of that brilliant coterie consisting of Brougham, Jeffrey, Sydney Smith, Lord Henry Petty (late marquis of Lansdowne), Cockburn, Murray, and other rising young men who adorned the Scottish capital at this period, and whose extraordinary abilities subsequently raised them to the highest eminence in literature, law, or political life. He was one of the founders of the Edinburgh Review, and contributed many valuable papers to its columns, especially on subjects connected with political economy. In 1802 Horner resolved to exchange the Scotch for the English bar, and accordingly removed to London, where he entered upon a most comprehensive course of legal and general study. He was called to the bar by the Society of Lincoln's inn, 12th June, 1807, and made choice of the western circuit. His well-known abilities and attachment to liberal principles attracted the notice of the leaders of the whig party, and in 1804 he was brought into parliament by Lord Kinnaird as member for St. Ives in Cornwall. In subsequent parliaments he sat for Wendover and for St. Mawes In 1806 he was appointed one of the commissioners for investigating the claims of the creditors of the nabob of Arcot, an office of considerable emolument but of proportionate labour, which he resigned in 1809, finding it incompatible with the application due to his professional pursuits. In parliament Homer devoted special attention to the discussion of questions of political economy and finance, which were at that time very imperfectly understood by public men. His opinions respecting the currency, free-trade, and other kindred questions, were remarkable for the vast knowledge and enlightened liberality which they displayed, and are now universally recognized as the only true principles of commercial legislation. In 1810 the house of commons marked its sense of Mr. Horner's financial ability and extensive information by placing him at the head of the bullion committee. He drew up the first part of the report, and it was mainly through his exertions that the currency of the country was placed on a proper basis. His unremitting labours, however, at length wore out a frame which was never very robust, and his immediate removal to a warmer climate having been deemed necessary by his physicians, he proceeded to Italy in November, 1816. But his malady was beyond the reach of medical skill; he expired suddenly at Pisa on the 8th of February following, in the thirty-ninth year of his age, and was interred in the protestant burying-ground at Leghorn. A beautiful marble statue of the lamented statesman, executed by Chantrey, has been placed in Westminster abbey. The announcement of Francis Horner's death was received with the deepest grief, all parties mourning over his removal as a national calamity.—J. T.
HORNER, Leonard, brother of the preceding, was born in Edinburgh, on the 17th of January, 1785. When nine years of age he was sent to the high school, where his gentleness and suavity of manners greatly endeared him to his companions. He subsequently studied mathematics, moral philosophy, and chemistry at the university, and began to display that interest in science which marked his future career. His father having resolved to open a branch of his business in the south, the family removed to Hampstead, and Leonard, in his nineteenth year, was made a partner in the business. Two years later he married Miss Lloyd, the daughter of a gentleman in Yorkshire; and settling in London, he became the associate of Sir Humphrey Davy, Sir Charles Bell, Dr. Parr, Mr. Hallam, and many others of the highest eminence in science and literature. In 1808 he became a member of the Geological Society. He was also a member of the Royal Society, and laboured assiduously to sustain the activity and increase the usefulness of these associations. Of the Geological Society he was twice chosen president; and with unflagging zeal for its interests, at the advanced age of seventy-five he arranged and classified the museum, to render it more useful to students. A depression in trade occasioned Mr. Horner's return to Edinburgh in 1815, and there he evinced the same activity in originating or carrying out useful and patriotic schemes. The important political meetings of the day were organized chiefly through him; and to him Edinburgh owes its School of Arts and its Mechanic's Institution. In 1827 he was made warden of London university; but devotion to the onerous duties of the office injured his health, and he went with his family to Bonn, where he occupied himself in geological pursuits, acquired a mastery of the German language, and formed many distinguished acquaintances amongst the learned. Early in 1833 he was appointed one of the commissioners to inquire into the condition of children employed in
