art with the young painters who assembled about him. From notes of these conversations was compiled the celebrated treatise on painting, "'T. Groot Schilderboek," Amst., 1712, translations of which were long in use as text-books in art-academies. An English translation, by W. Craig, appeared as late as 1817. Lairesse died in 1711. Several of his pictures have been engraved; and he himself has left some good etchings.—J. T—e.
LAIS, one of the most celebrated courtesans of antiquity, lived in the fifth century before the christian era. Amongst her most famous admirers was the philosopher Aristippus. Several other courtesans of the same name are mentioned in Athenæus and elsewhere.—W. J. P.
LAJARD, Jean Baptiste Felix, was born at Lyons in 1783. He was one of the first scholars who asserted and endeavoured to prove the oriental origin of the Hellenes—a theory the truth of which has since been so triumphantly demonstrated by modern researches in comparative philology. Lajard's archæological writings are numerous and valuable. Elected to the Academy in 1830, he died in 1858.—W. J. P.
LA JONCHÈRE, Etienne Lécuyer de, a French engineer, was born at Montpensier in 1690, and died in England about 1740. He was the original projector of the canal De Bourgogne, which, by connecting the Saone with the Yonne, opens a communication between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic; but he never obtained any share in the execution of the work, nor any reward for having planned it.—W. J. M. R.
LAKANAL, Joseph, a French republican politician, born at Serres, 14th July, 1762; died at Paris, 14th February, 1845. He was deputy for Ariége in the national convention, and belonged to the utterly extreme party. His reports in that assembly were eminently useful. To him is owing the preservation of the Jardin des plantes, the establishment of the central schools, the school of oriental languages, and above all, the foundation of a national institute. After Waterloo he went to America, and was president of the university of Louisiana until the revolution of 1830 enabled him to return to his native country, where he again became a member of the Institute. Although his name has not been prominent in history, France owes to him that her great revolution was not destructive of the arts and sciences as well as of kings and clergy.—P. E. D.
LAKE, Arthur, Bishop of Bath and Wells, was a native of Southampton, and after receiving instruction in Winchester school, entered at New college, Oxford, of which in due time he became a fellow. When he entered into orders, he was made a fellow of Winchester college, and in 1603 he was appointed to the mastership of the hospital of St. Cross. Two years later he received an appointment as archdeacon of Surrey, and three years after that he was made a dean of Worcester. In 1616 James Montague was translated from the see of Bath and Wells to Winchester, and the vacancy thus created was filled up by the elevation of Arthur Lake, who retained it until his death in 1626. The following encomium is pronounced upon him by Wood:—"In all places of honour and employment he carried himself the same in mind and person, showing by his constancy that his virtues were virtues indeed; in all kinds of which, whether natural, moral, theological, personal, or pastoral, he was eminent, and indeed, one of the examples of his time." He was succeeded by the celebrated William Laud. His works, published after his death, consisted of a folio volume of "Sermons, with Religious and Divine Meditations, and some account of his Life," 1629; and "Ten Sermons on several occasions," 1641, in octavo.—B. H. C.
LAKE, Gerard, first Viscount Lake, an English general, distinguished by his military successes in India, scion of an ancient family, was born on the 27th of July, 1744. He entered the army at fourteen as an ensign in the foot-guards, saw active service during the Seven Years' war, proceeded to America in 1781 under Lord Cornwallis, and distinguished himself at the siege of New York. He was with the duke of York in Holland, where he commanded the first brigade of guards, and was present at several engagements. Appointed a general, he was sent to Ireland to take the chief command during the rebellion of 1797-98. In 1800 he was appointed to the command-in-chief of the army in India under the marquis of Wellesley as governor-general. On the breaking out of the Mahratta war of 1803, General Lake was sent to act in the north against Scindiah's troops disciplined by French adventurers, while General Wellesley (afterwards the duke of Wellington) operated against them in the south, and gained the battle of Assaye. Advancing from Cawnpore, General Lake took Alighur by storm on the 24th of September, and after a victory near Delhi, entered the imperial city and released the Great Mogul from the thraldom in which he had been held by the Mahrattas. Capturing Agra after a serious fight, he engaged in November the battalions sent by Scindiah from the Deccan. The battle was fought at or near the village of Laswaree. The Mahrattas were strongly posted with seventy-five cannon in front, their right and left wings resting on two fortified villages. The battle was won by the personal bravery of the general and his troops, more than by his skilful strategy. At the head of the 76th Lake conducted in person every operation of the day, and had two horses shot under him. The victory of Laswaree completely destroyed Scindiah's power in Upper India. In 1804 Lake took the field against Holkar; he defeated Holkar's cavalry at Furruckabad and stormed Deigs, but failed, from want of proper precautions, in the assault of Bhurtpore, the siege of which was suspended by negotiations for peace. Raised to the peerage as Baron Lake in September, 1804, he returned to England three years later, and was created a Viscount. He was appointed governor of Plymouth, and died on the 20th of February, 1808.—F. E.
* LAKE, Henry Atwell, C.B., Lieutenant-colonel, took an active part in the gallant defence of Kars during the Russian war. Entering the army in 1826, he was, after the commencement of the Russian war, a major in the Madras engineers. In March, 1855, he was sent to Kars, with the local rank of lieutenant-colonel, to assist in the defence of that important place. He superintended the remodelling of the fortifications of Kars, and actively aided Sir W. F. Williams in the operations which terminated by the surrender of the city. Colonel Lake published in 1855, "Kars, and our Captivity in Russia," and in 1857 a more elaborate work, "Narrative of the Defence of Kars, historical and military." He is an aid-de-camp to the queen, and commissioner of the Dublin metropolitan police.—F. E.
LALANDE, Jacques de, an eminent jurist, born at Orleans in 1622, became professor of law and dean of the university in that city, and was not less distinguished by his integrity and public spirit than by his legal erudition. He died in 1703, leaving several professional treatises, among which may be mentioned, "Traité du ban et de l'arrière-ban," 1675; "Du passage et des étapes des gens de guerre," 1679; and "Specimen juris Romano-galliei ad Pandectas sen Digesta," 1690.—G. BL.
LALANDE, Joseph Jerome le Français de, a celebrated astronomer, was born at Bourg in the department of the Ain, on the 11th July, 1732. As an only and spoilt child he acquired in early life an impatience of temper, which in after-life he was not able to control. He preached sermons in the habit of a jesuit to village audiences at the age of ten; and when in his fourteenth year he was sent to a college at Lyons, where he devoted himself to literature and philosophy. The great eclipse of 1748, which he observed with a telescope, gave him a taste for the sciences of observation; but as he himself tells us in his preface to an edition of Fontenelle's Plurality of Worlds, it was the delight which the perusal of that work gave him that inspired him with a passion for astronomy, and made him ambitious to be a member of the Academy of Sciences, of which Fontenelle was the secretary. Wishing to become a jesuit, but intended for the law by his parents, he was sent to study jurisprudence in Paris, and became advocate at the age of eighteen. The lectures on astronomy by Lemonnier, and frequent visits to the observatory, increased his taste for astronomy, to which he resolved to devote himself. In order to determine the moon's parallax, astronomers had resolved to make simultaneous observations at several European observatories. At the age of nineteen Lalande was sent to discharge this duty at Berlin; and after completing his observations, he was admitted a member of the Academy of Sciences at Berlin. In 1760 he was appointed editor of the Connaissances des Temps, and in 1761 he was promoted to the chair of astronomy in the college of France. In 1788 Lalande paid a visit to England, and was permitted at his anxious request to creep through the forty-feet telescope of Sir William Herschel at Slough. After the demolition of the old observatory of the military school in 1788, a new one was erected, with excellent astronomical instruments. The direction of it was given to Lalande, and between 1789 and 1791 he and his nephew observed about ten thousand stars in the northern hemisphere. His "Astronomic" was published in 1764 in three large quarto volumes, and a third edition greatly enlarged appeared in 1792.
