LANGALLERIE, Philippe de Gentils, Marquis de, a French officer, born at Lamotte-Charente in 1656; died at Vienna in 1717. Entering the army young, he served long and bravely in France. In 1672 he was major; after twenty-two campaigns, in 1704, lieutenant-general. But his ambition and selfishness could brook no superior. Dissatisfied with his general, he left the army and retired to Venice, where immediately, in 1706, he published a memoir of his motives for quitting France. Dreading apprehension, he entered the emperor's army as commander of cavalry. Meanwhile, in France, he was tried and condemned, his property was confiscated, but afterwards given up to his sister. Under Prince Eugene he served at the siege of Turin, and in the campaigns of 1707-8, and gave countless proofs alike of his bravery and discontentment. Losing favour, he left the Austrians and joined King Augustus of Poland. At Berlin in 1709 he married a Lutheran kinswoman who had fled from the persecutions in France. Forsaking the Sarmatian king, he came to Frankfort-on-the-Oder, where striving to convert his wife, he became her convert, embracing Lutheranism in 1711. Afterwards at the Hague he conspired with the Turkish ambassador at the court of Scotland to organize an expedition to put the Grand Turk in possession of Italy. Langallerie's reward was to be the sovereignty of one of the isles of the Archipelago. But his designs were discovered, and he himself confined by the emperor's order in the Chateau de Raab, near Vienna, where he died of vexation the following year. Several memoirs were published in his name, but their authenticity is doubtful.—R. M., B.
LANGBAINE, Gerard, D.D., a learned and industrious writer and collector, was born at Bartonkirke in Westmoreland about 1608. Educated at the free school at Blencow in Cumberland, he entered Queen's college, Oxford, as a servitor in 1626, and rose to a fellowship. He early distinguished himself in the university by his studious zeal, and took rank as a scholar by publishing there in 1636 his edition of Longinus. After the convocation of the Long parliament, Langbaine published several pamphlets more or less directly in defence of royal, episcopal, and university privileges. These made him popular at Oxford, and in 1644 he was unanimously appointed keeper of the archives of the university; in 1645 provost of his college; the following year becoming a D.D. By pursuing a quiet and moderate course subsequently, he was not deprived during the interregnum. He published several other works of no great note, and left behind him voluminous collections, chiefly compiled from the university libraries and archives. "He was beloved," says Anthony Wood, "of Dr. Usher, Selden, and the great Goliaths of literature." To Langbaine, as "the only man on whose learning and friendship he could rely to fit them for the press," Usher bequeathed the collections for his Chronologia Sacra. Filling up the breaches in the original, the margins being "much defaced by rats," Langbaine worked during a severe season in the public library at Oxford, and caught in consequence a violent cold, of which he died, 10th February, 1658.—F. E.
LANGBAINE, Gerard, one of the earliest collectors of materials for a history of the English drama, son of the preceding, was born at Oxford on the 10th of July, 1656. After receiving the rudiments of a scholarly education, he was apprenticed to a bookseller in St. Paul's Churchyard, but was removed on the death of an elder brother, and in 1672 entered a gentleman-commoner of University college, Oxford. There, according to Wood, he wasted his substance in idleness and riotous living. It was probably at this period that he assiduously frequented the London play-houses, as commemorated by Warton. He afterwards reformed, and "in his private retirement at Wick and Hedington, near Oxon," devoted himself to the preparation of the work on the English drama and dramatists, by which he is still remembered. He collected nearly a thousand dramatic pieces of one kind or another. His first contribution to the history of the English drama was a slight one, a republication, with additions, of the catalogue of plays by Kirkman the London bookseller. A surreptitious publication in 1688 of another work of the same kind, with the title of Momus Triumphans, was followed by a work published by Langbaine himself, entitled "A New Catalogue of Plays," &c. His chief performance, however, appeared at Oxford in 1691, "An account of the English dramatic poets, or some observations and remarks on the lives and writings of all those that have published either comedies, tragedies, tragi-comedies, pastorals, masques, interludes, farces, or operas in the English tongue." In consideration, says Wood, of "his ingenuity and loss of his estate," Langbaine was appointed in 1690 yeoman bedell of arts, and in the following year esquire bedell of law to the university of Oxford. He died in the June of 1692. His "Account of the English Dramatic Poets," bibliographical, biographical, and critical, was the first notable performance of the kind. It abounds in curious information and criticism. One of Langbaine's principal objects was to trace the sources from which our dramatists derived their plots, and his account of Dryden is full of triumphant detection of the alleged plagiarisms of "Glorious John." Oldys' copy of the "Account," with very copious MS. annotations, is in the library of the British museum; and to it both the authors of the Biographia Dramatica and the dramatic portion of Sir Egerton Brydges' Censura Literaria were much indebted. The museum library contains other copies of Langbaine, annotated and continued by Bishop Percy, Joseph Hazelwood, and George Stevens. Mr. Peter Cunningham was to have prepared for the defunct Shakspeare Society a good modern edition of the "Account."—F. E.
LANGBEIN, August Friederich Ernst, a German poet and novelist, was born at Radeberg, near Dresden, September 6, 1757; studied at Leipsic, and settled as an advocate at Dresden. In 1802 he removed to Berlin, where he lived in literary retirement, and died January 2, 1835. Both his poetry and his tales enjoyed a great popularity, but belong to that lighter class of literature which has no claim to lasting fame.—K. E.
LANGDALE, Sir Marmaduke, an English gentleman who espoused the royal cause during the great civil war, and distinguished himself by his remarkable courage and activity. He raised three companies of infantry in his native county, Yorkshire, defeated Fairfax, and compelled him to raise the siege of Pontefract castle. He afterwards took Berwick and Carlisle. He ultimately retired to Flanders, and in 1658 was created a Baronet by Charles II. He died in 1661.—J. T.
LANGE or LANGHE, Charles, canon of Liege, was born at Ghent or Brussels, and died at a great age at Liege, 29th July, 1573. He was an excellent scholar, and possessed a splendid collection of Greek and Latin MSS. He edited parts of Cicero, and was the author of "Carmina Lectiora" and other works.
LANGE, Joachim, one of the heads of what has been called the Pietistic school of Halle, was born at Gardelegen in Altmark, 26th October, 1670, and was educated in the schools of Osterwick, Quedlinburg, and Magdeburg, and at the university of Leipsic. In 1689, when he came to Leipsic, he became acquainted with the excellent H. A. Franke, whose "collegia pietatis" made a deep impression upon him, and who received him into his house with the greatest kindness. In 1690 he followed Franke to Erfurt, and in 1691 to Halle, where he continued his theological studies. From 1696 to 1709 he occupied scholastic offices at Köslin and Berlin; and in the latter year he was appointed to the theological chair at Halle, where he became the colleague of his venerated teacher, and worked along with him in the same spirit with indefatigable zeal. He continued at Halle for the long period of thirty-five years, and died 7th May, 1744. He wrote copiously in defence of the Pietistic school, and in opposition both to the scholastic orthodoxy of Wittemberg, and the rationalizing spirit of Wolff and other philosophers. One of his works is entitled "Causa Dei adversus Atheismum et Pseudophilosophiam præsertim Stoicam, Spinozicam, et Wolfianam," Halle, 1727. He also published a good deal in the departments of exegesis and church history; but his works were of no great value, and are now almost forgotten. He is judged by his countrymen of the present day to have been a divine more learned than judicious, and with more heart than head. He shared largely in the dread and dislike felt by the later philosophy of pietists, and he has never been forgiven for having had a hand in the banishment of Wolff from Halle.—P. L.
LANGE, Johann Michael, a learned German divine, born in 1664. He laboured as a protestant minister at several places, the last of which was Prentzlow, where he died in 1731. He was a diligent student and a prolific writer. The complete list of his works includes fifty-six articles, several of which relate to versions and editions of the Koran, some are on theological topics, and some on subjects connected with the Greek language in its more modern and corrupt forms.—B. H. C.
LANGE, Lawrence, a native of Stockholm, was in 1715 employed by Peter the Great to superintend the construction of the palace of Peterhof on the shores of the Gulf of Finland. In the same year he was sent to China to procure ornaments for its
