by their revolutionary zeal. Among the accused of 1834 was Caussidière, whom Ledru-Rollin defended before the chamber of peers, and who was one of his colleagues in the provisional government of 1848. In the meantime, moreover, Ledru-Rollin published some works on jurisprudence, and edited more than one legal periodical. Inheriting some fortune from his father, he increased it by his marriage with the daughter of a Frenchman and of an Englishwoman, brought up in this country, and sometimes described as an Irish lady. After an unsuccessful attempt to enter the chamber of deputies, he was chosen almost unanimously in 1841 by the second electoral college of Mans to fill the vacancy caused by the death of the popular republican, M. Garnier-Pages; the same constituency re-elected him in 1842 and 1846. In the chamber of deputies Ledru-Rollin was one of the very small minority, who advocated with persistent fervour not only the most extensive political reforms, but broached new social theories, and proclaimed themselves the friends of the working-classes. Even the republican National attacked him, and to have an organ of his own he founded La Reforme, afterwards edited by Louis Blanc. In a manifesto at the end of 1845 he distinctly recognized the "droit au travail." Almost isolated in the French parliament and French press, Ledru-Rollin had become very popular with the masses, when the political banquets of 1847 heralded the approach of revolution. From the banquet at Lille even advanced liberals were driven by the toasts which he sanctioned, and retiring, left it to him to propose "the amelioration of the condition of the working classes," and to omit the health of the king. On the breaking out of the revolution of 1848, he and the more moderate Lamartine were foremost in proclaiming the new republic, of which Ledru-Rollin became at once minister of the interior. In this position he sent his revolutionary commissaries through the length and breadth of the land, supporting them by the issue of his famous terrorist circulars and the "journal-placard," the Bulletin de la Republique, the editorship of which he intrusted to George Sand. Yet as Lamartine lost caste by his junction with Ledru-Rollin, so did the latter wane in popularity from his association with Lamartine. First elected for Paris, under the new order of things, by one hundred and thirty-two thousand votes, he was rejected by the socialists at the election of president of the republic, and polled only three hundred and seventy thousand votes. By his vehement opposition to the policy of the prince-president, now emperor of the French, especially by his denunciation of the expedition to Rome, he regained, however, some of his old popularity, and five departments returned him to the legislative assembly. He was one of the promoters of the unsuccessful attempt at insurrection on the 13th of June, 1849, and when it failed he escaped to England. In 1850 he published his "Décadence del'Angleterre," predicting and attempting to trace the fall of a country which clung to monarchical and aristocratic institutions. With Kossuth, Mazzini, and Ruge, he founded the revolutionary committee sitting in London to direct the policy of the ultra-democratic party throughout Europe, whose cause he has endeavoured during his residence in this country to promote by writing and action. In 1857, for alleged complicity in the affair of Orsini, he was condemned in his absence by the French tribunals to transportation for life.—F. E.
LEDWICH, Edward, LL.D., a learned Irish antiquary, was born in 1739, and educated at Trinity college, Dublin, of which he was elected fellow. He became vicar of Aghaboe in Queen's county, and wrote a statistical account of the parish, which was published in octavo in 1796. He is best known by his volume of essays on the antiquities of Ireland, published at Dublin in quarto, 1793, and enlarged in a second edition which appeared in 1804. Dr. Ledwich's great merit lies in his steady disregard of the popular fictions which have so much obscured the history of his country. Few antiquarian investigations are so free as his from hypothesis and wild conjecture. He was member of various learned societies, and contributed able papers to their Transactions. He died in 1823.—R. H.
LEDYARD, John, a celebrated traveller, was born in 1751 at Groton in Connecticut. He lost his father at an early age, and had considerable struggle to obtain the means of education. He was originally intended for the law, but abandoned that pursuit, and at the age of nineteen entered Dartmouth college in order to qualify himself to become a missionary among the Indians. His restless disposition, however, made him suddenly quit college and spend several months among the Red Indians—a good school of training for his future character. On quitting these savages he returned to college and resumed his studies, but soon grew weary of this quiet life; and on receiving a rebuke for his unsettled habits, he returned home in a canoe, which, with the help of some of his fellow-students, he had fashioned out of a large tree. He made several hair-breadth escapes in the course of his voyage of one hundred and fifty miles, but ultimately reached Hartford in safety. Ledyard next became a student of divinity, then a common sailor on board a vessel bound for Gibraltar, where he enlisted in a British regiment, but was released at the entreaty of his captain, who was an old friend of his father's. He returned home, but could not settle, and in 1771 worked his passage from New York to London, in the hope that some wealthy relatives there would extend to him their patronage. They received him, however, so coldly that he quitted them in indignation, and would never after accept of any assistance from them. In 1776 he sailed with Captain Cook on his third voyage as corporal of marines, and was with him when he was murdered at Owhyee. After planning several daring but abortive projects, he resolved to explore the unknown regions of America from Nootka Sound to the eastern coast, and about the close of 1786 he set out from England with only one guinea in his pocket. He reached Stockholm about the end of January; and as the Gulf of Bothnia could not at that time be crossed either by ships or sledges, he was forced to march twelve hundred miles by land over trackless snows, and to encounter the most dreadful hardships, in order to reach St. Petersburg, where he arrived on the 20th of March. After remaining there nearly three months before he could obtain a passport, he commenced his journey to Siberia in company with a Scotch physician. Through innumerable difficulties he succeeded in reaching Yakutsk; but there under some frivolous pretext he was arrested by order of the Empress Catherine in January, 1788, and conducted with all speed to the frontiers of Poland, with the intimation that he would be hanged if he ventured to re-enter Russia. After suffering dreadful hardships he found his way back to England, "again disappointed, ragged, and penniless, but with a whole heart," and at once eagerly accepted an offer from the African Association to explore the interior of Africa, expressing his readiness to start next day. He set out in high spirits and with the fairest prospects, 30th June; but on reaching Cairo his active and enterprising career was cut short by a bilious disorder, aggravated by an overdose of vitriolic acid, 17th January, 1789, in the thirty-eighth year of his age. Ledyard's extraordinary enthusiasm, keenness of observation, indomitable resolution, and power of endurance had excited great expectations as to the result of his explorations, and his premature death caused a strong feeling of regret.—J. T.
LEE, Anne, the founder of the American Shakers, was born at Manchester in 1736. She was the daughter of one blacksmith, and married another. About 1758 she became a disciple of James Wardley, who had adopted from some of the Cevennes prophets the doctrines and practices seemingly afterwards known as those of the Shakers. After a long period of fits and maceration, she lifted up her testimony in 1770 against marriage as the original sin, and styled herself "Anne, the Word." According to one account, she was for some time confined in a madhouse. In 1774 she proceeded with several disciples to America, and finally settled at Water Vliet, near Albany, in the state of New York. She claimed to be the "bride of the Lamb," and the female Messiah of a new dispensation. With her disciples she lived apart from the world in a community of their own, recruited simply by conversion, as marriage was forbidden. She died at Water Vliet, in September, 1784.—F. E.
LEE, Arthur, the youngest brother of Richard Henry Lee of Virginia, was born in 1740, was sent to Edinburgh to study medicine, and returned to practise it in Williamsburg. After five years' experience of a physician's life, he went to London in 1766 to study the law, and kept up an active correspondence with America on the proceedings of the ministry. He wrote also in the newspapers in defence of American rights. In 1775 he was the London agent of Virginia, and presented the second petition of congress to the king. He undertook the post, declined by Jefferson, of minister to France, joined Franklin and Deane in Paris, December, 1776, and assisted in negotiating the treaty with France. Deane being superseded by Adams, returned to America and made charges against Lee's patriotism. In 1779 Lee and Adams were recalled, and on their arrival home an acrimonious
