party warfare ensued, in which Lee fully justified himself. In 1784 he was appointed one of the commissioners for negotiating a treaty with the Indians of the six nations, and performed the duty with credit. In 1790 he was admitted a counsellor of the supreme court of the United States. he died of pleurisy, caught by exposure at his farm on the banks of the Rappahannoc, the 14th December, 1792. He was the author of "Monitor's Letters," and of the "Letters of Junius Americanus." His Memoirs, by R. H. Lee, were published in 1829.—R. H.
LEE, Charles, a soldier of fortune, who took a prominent part in the American war of independence, was born in Wales about 1730, the son of Colonel John Lee. In 1758 he was engaged in the attack upon Ticonderoga. In 1762 he served under Burgoyne in Portugal, after which he was in the Polish service, in Italy, and other parts of Europe. His political sentiments closing the door of promotion at home, he went to America in November, 1773, and harangued the colonists in favour of rebellion. Having bought land in Berkeley, Virginia, he became by appointment of congress a major-general. He acted energetically in various expeditions, but was taken prisoner by an English colonel, and not exchanged till May, 1778. At the battle of Monmouth, Washington meeting him in retreat, reprimanded him on the field, which indignity Lee resented in a letter to his commander. For this insubordination he was tried by court-martial, and suspended for one year. He retired to his farm in 1780, and lived alone amid his books and his dogs until 1782, when he removed to Philadelphia. He died 2nd October, 1782. His memoirs were published in 1792.—R. H.
LEE, Edward, an English prelate, archbishop of York, and a violent opponent of Luther. He was born in Kent in 1482, and died in 1544. After studying at Oxford he went to Cambridge. Henry VIII. treated him with much consideration, employed him on important business, made him chancellor of Salisbury, and in 1531 successor of Wolsey as archbishop of York. When the question of the king's marriage was debated, he accompanied Cranmer and others in the king's interest to Paris, Rome, and Germany. He wrote against Erasmus, Luther, and the Reformation generally, but declared against the papal supremacy; supported the Six Articles, took part in compiling the Institution of a Christian Man, and in other ways promoted the measures adopted during the later years of Henry's reign, or so long as he lived. Besides his controversial works which were published, he wrote annotations upon the Pentateuch, which appear to be still inedited. The papists have accused him of inconsistency, but this charge is not more true of him than of most others at that time.—B. H. C.
* LEE, Frederic Richard, R.A., a native of Barnstaple, Devon, where he was born in 1799, and where he now resides. He commenced his career as a soldier, serving a campaign in the Netherlands, when enfeebled health and half-pay led him to try whether he could not turn his talent for landscape painting to profitable account. His first picture was exhibited at the British institution in 1822; in 1824 he had a place among the exhibitors in the Royal Academy, and since then be has scarcely been absent from one of the annual displays. If his early paintings showed imperfect technical training, they also showed that he had studied hard in the school of nature; and their fresh unconventional character soon attracted admirers, whilst every year added to his artistic power and experience. His success received early the stamp of official recognition. In 1829 he was awarded a prize of fifty guineas by the British Institution, "in acknowledgment of the general excellence of his pictures." In 1834 he was elected an associate, and in 1838 a member of the Royal Academy. Mr. Lee is one of the most thoroughly home-trained of our landscape painters. He commenced by painting the charming lanes and well-wooded streams of his native Devonshire. He has since wandered among the lordly parks and shady avenues and fertile meadows of Kent, by the rivers and valleys of Yorkshire and Wales, the moors and mountains of Scotland, and the sandy eastern coasts of England, and has painted each with a hearty sense of enjoyment. It is only within the last two or three years that he has gone abroad for subjects, such as the rolling waves of the Bay of Biscay, 1858, and the stern old rock of Gibraltar, 1861. In some of his early pictures animals are introduced, painted by Landseer; in some of his later, cattle by Sidney Cooper: examples of each kind are in the national collections. In the Vernon gallery are four paintings by Mr. Lee; in the Sheepshanks collection three.—J. T—e.
LEE, George Augustus, a distinguished manufacturer, mechanical inventor, and philanthropist, was born in 1761, and died on the 5th of August, 1826. He was the brother of the two Misses Lee, well-known as the authors of the Canterbury Tales. He carried on for a long time at Manchester the business of a cotton-spinner, and made many improvements in the machinery employed in it. He was one of the first to use steam-power exclusively to drive the machinery of cotton-mills. He was the first to practise the warming of mills by means of the waste steam, conducted through pipes, and the lighting of them with gas. He took a warm interest in the comfort and well-being of the workmen in his employment, and originated the establishment of a fund for the sick and disabled, which proved of great service to them. An account of improvements made by him in the cotton manufacture appeared in the Philosophical Transactions for 1808.—W. J. M. R.
LEE, John, D.D., principal of the university of Edinburgh, was born about 1780 at the village of Stow, on Gala Water. His early education was received from the celebrated John Leyden. His father was an elder in the Secession church; and young Lee, after completing the usual curriculum at the university of Edinburgh, attended the divinity hall connected with that denomination. He subsequently, however, joined the established church of Scotland, and was licensed to preach the gospel by one of its presbyteries. His first charge was a Scotch church in London, his second in Peebles, where he resided for four years. In 1812 he was appointed to the chair of church history in the university of St. Andrews. He afterwards held in succession a professorship in Aberdeen, the charges of the Canongate, Lady Yester's, and the Old Church in Edinburgh, and the principalship of the United college of St. Andrews, which, however, he resigned in a few months. In 1840 he was elected to the office of principal of the university of Edinburgh, and in 1844, after the disruption of the established church, he succeeded Dr. Chalmers in the chair of divinity. He was also one of the deans of the chapel royal, and a fellow of the Royal Society. He died May 2, 1859, in his seventy-ninth year. Dr. Lee was profoundly learned in Scottish ecclesiastical and literary history, and it is deeply to be regretted that he has left no work worthy of his vast attainments He was the author of a "Memorial on behalf of the Bible Societies," and of several exquisitely beautiful pastoral addresses, issued by the general assembly. His "Lectures on the History of the Church of Scotland" were published in 1860, in 2 vols. 8vo.—J. T.
LEE, Nathaniel, an English dramatic author of the time of Charles II. and James II., was the son of Dr. Richard Lee, rector of Hatfield in Herts, and was born about 1657, receiving his education at Westminster, whence he removed to Trinity hall, Cambridge, in 1668. In that year he obtained his degree as B.A., but did not rise to higher honours. In or about 1672 he came to London, deluded, according to some statements, by the promises of Villiers, and made a vain attempt to gain his living as an actor. From acting plays he turned to writing them; and from 1675 to 1684 he produced a play every year. In 1684 symptoms of madness, superinduced, as is supposed, by intemperance, manifested themselves; and his friends were obliged to place him in Bethlehem hospital, where he remained three or four years. In 1688 he regained his freedom, and resumed his literary labours; but he was now reduced to great distress, and was prevented from starving by a weekly pittance of ten shillings allowed by one of the theatres. He died in 1691, aged thirty-four, from the consequences of some nocturnal frolic or brawl, according to Cibber. He left eleven plays, which passed through three editions between 1713 and 1734. The best of his dramatic performances are "Brutus," "Mithridates," and "Theodosius," in all of which are a few passages of striking merit and power.—W. C. H.
LEE, Richard Henry, an active promoter of the first American revolution, and president of congress, was born at Stratford, Virginia, on the 20th January, 1732, and educated at Wakefield in England. In 1757 he was member of the house of congress, where in 1773 he proposed a plan for organizing resistance to the British authorities. Elected a member of congress, he wrote the declaration of independence of the 7th June, 1776. As chairman of the committee, he drew up the second address to the people of Great Britain. In 1784 he was elected president of congress, and in the discussions on the draft of the constitution of the United States he bore a distinguished part.
