lantry, that in 1667 Charles II. appointed him to the command of the Pembroke. In 1671 he became captain of the Fairfax. In the following year he was removed to the Royal Catherine, and in a desperate conflict with the Dutch beat off the enemy—after they had boarded his ship, and it seemed on the point of sinking—and carried her safely into port. In 1673 he was appointed governor of Portsmouth, and master of the horse. He was created Baron Dartmouth in 1682; and in the following year was made governor of Tangier, and sent there for the purpose of demolishing the fortifications and bringing back the garrison to England—an unpopular and difficult service which he performed to the entire satisfaction of his majesty, who soon after his return made him a present of £10,000. On the accession of James II. Lord Dartmouth was appointed master of the horse, general of the ordnance, and constable of the Tower. When the prince of Orange set about his expedition to England, Dartmouth was appointed commander of the fleet with orders to intercept him and prevent his landing, but was baffled by the adverse winds. Strong as was his attachment to James, however, he positively refused to comply with his commands to convey the infant prince of Wales to France. On the accession of William, Dartmouth was removed from his command and deprived of all his other employments. He took the oath of allegiance to William and Mary; but in 1690 he entered into a plot for the restoration of the exiled family, laboured zealously to corrupt the fidelity of the English seamen, and laid a plan for betraying Portsmouth to the French. He was arrested and imprisoned in the Tower; but after a confinement of a few weeks he died suddenly, October 25, 1691.—J. T.
LEGLEUS, Gilbertus. See Gilbertus Anglicanus.
LEGOUVÉ, Gabriel Marie Jean Baptiste, a French poet and dramatist, born at Paris, 23rd June, 1764; died at Montmartre, 30th August, 1812. Of no great original talent, he published some works that met with success; among others, "Le Merite des Femmes;" "La Mort d'Abel;" "Epicharis et Neron," and "La Mort de Henri IV." Collected works, 3 vols. 8vo, Paris, 1826.—P. E. D.
LEGRAND, Baptiste Alexis Victor, an eminent French engineer, was born in Paris, on the 20th of January, 1791, and died at Uriage, near Grenoble, on the 25th of August, 1848. He was educated at the Lycée Imperial and at the Polytechnic school, and entered the corps of the Ingénieurs des Ponts et Chaussées, in which he gradually rose until, in 1832, he was appointed director-general, and in that capacity had the chief control of all the engineering works executed by the government in the reign of Louis Philippe. He finally became vice-president of the board of public works, but he lost that post at the revolution of 1848, which he did not long survive.—W. J. M. R.
LEGRAND, Jacques Guillaume, French architect and author, was born at Paris, 9th May, 1743. A fellow-pupil of Clérisseau with Molinos, the two became close friends, and established a partnership which continued through the life of Legrand. The first work of importance intrusted to Legrand and Molinos was the enlargement of the corn exchange at Paris, over the circular court of which they erected a cupola which was much admired; but the whole was destroyed by fire in 1802, within ten years of its completion. Among other buildings erected by them were the Cloth-hall, the Theatre Feydeau, 1790, and the Hotel Marbeuf at Paris. Legrand's writings comprise, besides several minor essays, a "Parallèle de l'Architecture, Ancienne et Moderne," 4to, 1799; the explanations to the French version of the works of J. B. and F. Piranisi, in twenty folio volumes, 1800, &c.; the descriptive text to Clérisseau's Antiquitées de la France, 2 vols. folio, 1804; and a posthumous "Essai sur l'Histoire Générale de l'Architecture," which appeared in 1 vol. folio, 1809—second edition, 1810. He died November 9, 1807.—J. T—e.
LEGRAND D'AUSSY, Pierre Jean Baptiste, jesuit, was born at Amiens, 1737. He was professor of rhetoric at Caen, and on the suppression of his order devoted himself to literary pursuits at Paris. In 1795 he was made keeper of the national manuscripts in the royal library. He died in 1800.—W. J. P.
LEHMANN, Johann Georg Christian, a German botanist, was born in 1793, and died at Hamburg, 12th February, 1861, aged sixty-eight. He was a botanist of eminence, and a voluminous writer. His earliest work was a monograph of the genus Primula, published in 1817. This was followed by monographs of Asperifoliæ and of Potentilla. His "Revisio Potentillarum," containing sixty-four fine plates, was issued in 1856. He also published plates of rare plants; "An Examination of the Australian Plants collected by Preiss;" and "An Account of South African Cycadeæ."—J. H. B.
LEIBNITZ, Gottfried Wilhelm, jurist, historian, mathematician, and metaphysician, the most learned of modern philosophers, and the eclectic founder of German philosophy. This great German was born on the 3rd of July, 1646, in Leipsic, and was descended of an ancient family, distinguished in civil and ecclesiastical affairs. His granduncle attracted notice in the Hungarian wars, and was honoured by the Emperor Rodolph II. His great-grandfather and his grandfather held high civil offices. His father was professor of moral philosophy in the university of Leipsic. When Gottfried Wilhelm was only six years old his father died, and his religious mother, who lived till 1664, and who had herself been carefully trained in the family of a Lutheran professor of theology, devoted herself exclusively to the education of this her only son. Both his parents were Lutherans, and his early training probably induced much of the theological character by which his subsequent speculations are distinguished. The first twenty years of the life of Leibnitz were spent almost entirely in Leipsic, where he attended the famous Nicolai school, and afterwards the university, which he entered in 1661. Many anecdotes are recorded of his extraordinary precocity. He has himself, in the "Pacidii Introductio Historica," given an interesting account of the self-educating process his mind underwent in these early years, which throws light on the type of his philosophical development afterwards. The universality so conspicuous in the man was illustrated in the universality of the young student. Almost every part of knowledge in turn engaged his attention. He studied history and the ancient classics with enthusiasm, extending his researches far beyond the conventional track in which his narrow-minded teachers sought to restrain him. But the strength of his mind and the bent of his genius were more fully disclosed when he entered logic and philosophy. He read Aristotle, Plato, and Plotinus, and luxuriated in the subtilties of the scholastic metaphysics—that stimulant of the human understanding for so many hundred years. Even at this early period he was no stranger to the literature of theology, for he studied the deep controversies about election and grace in the works of St. Augustin and Luther. During his academical course, the philosophical writings of Des Cartes, published about twenty years before, fell into his hands, and by them, like his contemporary Locke, he was greatly influenced. His eclectic tendency, afterwards so prominent, was even then indicated in efforts to reconcile Plato and Aristotle, Des Cartes and the schoolmen. The logic and philosophy of the schools were then dominant in Leipsic, as in the other universities of Germany and Europe. The formal and pedantic spirit of scholasticism in its decline repelled the spirit of intellectual freedom, already awakened in the bosom of the youthful Leibnitz. A thousand chimeras of speculation, he tells us, floated through his brain. he started a thousand difficulties with his teachers and associates. Even Bacon, Des Cartes, and modern philosophy, helped to arouse rather than to satisfy him. In solitude he cherished the most ardent aspirations for the advancement of science and the social progress of man. In his recorded experience, at the age of sixteen, may be found the dim forms of the problems which engaged his thoughts during the remainder of his life. For days together, as he informs us in his "Personal Recollections," he was wont to pursue his walks alone in the woods of Rosenthal, near Leipsic, revolving the first principles of this mysterious life to a reflex consciousness of which he was becoming awake. The intellectual movements of the true metaphysician may be discovered in the first printed treatise of Leibnitz, "De Principio Individui," written on occasion of his promotion to the degree of bachelor of philosophy, when he was only seventeen years of age. This work was followed, about three years after, by those philosophical speculations on mathematics and a universal language, contained in his "Dissertatio de Arte Combinatoria." Having taken his degree in arts, Leibnitz devoted himself professionally to the study of law. When he had completed his twentieth year he applied for the degree of doctor of law, with the intention of entering afterwards on the business of professional life. For the accommodation of other candidates, the university postponed this academical honour to Leibnitz, who thereupon resolved on expatriating himself. He left Leipsic, and Saxony his native country, and in 1666 went
