which he erected a small building containing three rooms, his study, parlour, and bedchamber; and not content with passing the day in this retreat, at a distance from all domestic interruption, he often slept in this hermitage although contiguous to his own parsonage house. When the troubles began in 1640 he took side with the parliament, and he was one of the divines summoned to serve in the Westminster assembly in 1643. He had removed to London the year before, probably with the view of conducting through the press some of the learned works which he had prepared at Ashley, and he had been appointed minister of St. Bartholomew's church, near the Exchange. His "Handful of Gleanings out of the Book of Exodus," a sequel to "A Few and New Observations upon the Book of Genesis, the most of them certain, the rest probable, all harmless, strange, and rarely heard of before," 1642, is dedicated to the inhabitants of Bartholomew Exchange, and bears the date of 1643. He took a more active part in the deliberations and debates of the assembly than was to be expected from a man of his recluse habits, and while generally agreeing with the other members in their views of christian doctrine, and as to the main features of the constitution which they proposed to give to the national church, he not unfrequently differed from them on particular points, and was able sometimes to modify the form of their conclusions. He belonged to the Erastian party of the assembly, who contended that the power of ecclesiastical discipline belonged to, and ought to be invested in civil rulers. His "Journal" contains many valuable and interesting notices of the proceedings of the assembly. He preached repeatedly before the house of commons. On one of these occasions he referred to the singularity of his opinions on the subject of church power and suspension from the sacrament—"I am most unable," said he, "to hold out to you anything that may direct you in matters of such weight, and if my judgment were anything, yet should I be sparing to show it, because I must confess that about these matters I differ in judgment from the generality of divines; and I hold it not any happiness to be singular in opinion, nor do I hold these to be times to broach differences." Still he avows himself a presbyterian—"I beseech you," said he to the house of commons in the same sermon, "hasten the settling of the church. I rejoice to see what you have done in platforming classes and presbyteries, and I verily and candidly believe it is according to the pattern in the mount." In 1643 the parliamentary visitors of Cambridge gave him the mastership of Catherine hall, vacant by the ejectment of Dr. William Spurstow; and in the same year he was presented to the sequestered living of Much-Munden in Hertfordshire. Munden became ever after his favourite residence. He preferred its retirement even to the quiet gardens of Cambridge, and when detained by his university duties from his simple parishioners there, he would frequently say that "he longed to be with his russet coats." In 1652 he took his degree of D.D., and in 1655 he was chosen vice-chancellor of the university. The dates of many of his principal writings belong to the period of the civil war and the Commonwealth. The "Harmony of the Four Evangelists" appeared in three parts, between 1644 and 1650; his "Chronicle of the Times of the Old Testament," in 1647; the "Temple Service," in 1649; the "Harmony, Chronicle, and Order of the New Testament," in 1655; and the commencement of his "Horæ Hebraicæ et Talmudicæ," in 1658. The times were anything but propitious for such publications, and we find him complaining bitterly in a letter to the elder Buxtorf of the printers and publishers of the day, that they would risk nothing upon his books, and compelled him to bear all the loss himself; "they blunted the edge," says he, "of his literary ardour, and continuations of works already begun sometimes lay by for years, for lack of encouragement to send them to the press." It is not easy, however, to find any evidence of the "blunting" he complains of. He not only laboured assiduously at his own arduous undertakings, but rendered prompt and valuable assistance to those of others. Walton's Polyglot, Castell's Lexicon Heptaglotton, and Poole's Synopsis Criticorum, were all indebted more or less to his aid. In 1660 he took part in the Savoy conference on the side of the presbyterians, but soon saw that it was sure to end in nothing, and ceased to attend after one or two visits. He was in danger of losing his appointments in the church and university at that period; but by the timely help of Sir Henry Cæsar and Dr. Sheldon, archbishop of Canterbury, he was confirmed by royal indulgence both in his rectory and mastership, to which he makes grateful reference in the preface to his "Horæ Hebraicæ" upon the Gospel of St. Mark. In 1662, when the act of uniformity passed, he accepted its conditions of conformity, although it would seem that he did not very scrupulously fulfil them. "He was not entirely conformable to the rubric of the church, seldom wearing a surplice, or even reading all the prayers; and the dissenters of his parish scrupled not to attend upon his ministry, considering him not to be rigidly episcopalian." But the bishops wisely winked at the small irregularities of a man who was at once one of the best of parish pastors, and one of the brightest ornaments of the university. It was only a fit tribute to his merit, that he was preferred by the interest of Sir Orlando Bridgeman, lord keeper of the great seal, to a stall in the cathedral of Ely. He survived till December 6, 1676, when he died at Ely in his seventy-fourth year, and his remains were removed to Munden, which he had held for thirty-two years. His fame as a scholar and divine chiefly rests upon his "Horæ Hebraicæ et Talmudicæ," in which he makes use of rabbinical literature to throw light upon the New Testament. The idea was not original; but it had never before been carried out so extensively, and with such an ample apparatus of learning. The observations thus accumulated by him were for the most part new, and their freshness much more than their intrinsic importance drew upon them the attention of divines and critics, and led to subsequent researches in the same field. That Lightfoot's labours are still valued, though it may be more moderately than in the first instance, is proved by the republication of the "Horæ" at Oxford in 1859, under the editorial care of Mr. Gandell. The most complete edition of his whole works is that of Pitman, brought out in thirteen volumes, octavo, in 1822-25. Less complete collections had appeared before the end of the seventeenth century in London, Rotterdam, and Franeker.—P. L.
LIGHTFOOT, John, an English botanist, was born in Gloucestershire on the 9th December, 1735, and died at Uxbridge on the 18th February, 1788. He was a clergyman of the Church of England, and officiated at Uxbridge. He was also chaplain to the duchess dowager of Portland. He had a great taste for natural history, and accompanied Pennant in his second journey to Scotland. He made a collection of Scotch plants, and published his "Flora Scotica," in 2 vols. 8vo, in 1775. The work contains twenty-five well executed plates, partly zoological and partly botanical. In the introduction there is an account of Scottish zoology by Pennant. The plants mentioned amount to thirteen hundred, and they are arranged according to the Linnæan system. A number of the common Scotch and Gaelic names of the plants are given, with histories of their economical uses. Lightfoot's herbarium was purchased by George III. He was a fellow of the Royal Society, and one of the founders of the Linnæan Society.—J. H. B.
LIGNE, Charles Joseph, Prince de, general in the Austrian service, an author and a wit, was born at Brussels on the 12th May, 1735. His father, of ancient family, rose to be an Austrian field-marshal, and on the mother's side he claimed descent from Mary Queen of Scots. He entered his father's regiment in 1752, distinguished himself by great bravery, and had risen to be a colonel before the close of the Seven Years' war. He became a favourite of Joseph II., enchanted even the court of Versailles by his esprit, and, sent on a mission in 1782 to the Empress Catherine, was made by her a field-marshal, and accompanied her in the journey to the Crimea, of which he has left a very lively account. His active career closed in 1790 with the death of his imperial patron. "I died with Joseph II.," was one of his own sayings. The French revolutionary war ruined his fortunes. Court intrigues thwarted his prospects of obtaining a high and active military command suitable to his talents for war; the death of a favourite son in battle clouded his existence; and he spent the rest of his life in comparative retirement in a little house in Vienna. Admirers from far and near sought the retirement of the man who had been present at the interview between Frederick the Czar and Joseph II., and who had been the confidant of the Empress Catherine. Madame de Stael edited his "Letters and Pensees," and he was an object of interest to the diplomatists and soldiers of the congress of Vienna, his mot on which is still remembered—"Le congrès danse—il ne marche pas." He died at Vienna en the 3rd December, 1814. The chief value of his works is an occasional anecdotical interest, which specially marks his correspondence.—F. E.
LIGON, Richard, an Englishman of the seventeenth cen-
