tury, is known from his "History of Barbadoes," first published in 1657. Having fallen, from unexplained causes, into pecuniary difficulties, he had in 1647 sought, in company with a friend, to retrieve his fortunes by a voyage to Barbadoes, which island had been made the seat of an English settlement twenty-three years previously. Ligon stayed three years at Barbadoes, of the productions and condition of which his work gives a valuable description. The popular story of Inkle and Yarico, inserted by Steele in No. 11 of the Spectator, is derived from this work.—W. H.
LIGONIER, John, Earl, a distinguished English general, was born in 1678. He was descended from a noble French family, and was subjected to so much persecution on account of his having embraced the protestant faith, that he was forced to take refuge in England. He entered the military service there under the command of the duke of Marlborough, and distinguished himself so much by his courage and skill that he gradually rose to the rank of field-marshal, and during the reign of Queen Anne he was elevated to the Irish peerage with the title of earl. He displayed great gallantry at the battle of Raucoux in 1746, in which the British were defeated by Marshal Saxe; and again at the battle of Laffeldt, near Maestricht, in 1747, when the allied army under the duke of Cumberland was completely defeated, at the head of the British cavalry he checked the advance of the French, and saved the allies from destruction. He was taken prisoner, however, and brought into the presence of Louis XV., who treated him with great distinction. Lord Ligonier was appointed commander-in-chief of the army in 1757. He died in 1770 in the ninety-second year of his age.—J. T.
LIGORIO, Pirro, Italian painter and architect, was born in Naples about 1498. He went to Rome, and is said to have studied under Giulio Romano. He painted some frescoes in the oratory of S. Giovanni Decollato, and several façades, but gave his attention more to the study of antiquities and architecture. By Pope Paul IV., with whom he was much in favour, he was employed to erect a small palace in the Belvedere wood, and a mausoleum for Pope Pius II., and was appointed architect to St. Peter's. In this last office he greatly annoyed Michelangelo, and was eventually dismissed, "with little honour," says Vasari, by Pius V. for altering the designs of the great Florentine. He repaired to Ferrara, where he was employed as engineer by Duke Alfonzo II. He died there about 1580.—J. T—e.
LIGOZZI, Jacopo, was born at Verona in 1543, and studied painting in the school of Paul Veronese. He settled in Florence, and died there in 1627. Ligozzi, though reckoned among the so-called Macchinisti of the sixteenth century, is to be classed among the reformers of the Florentine school, which was much corrupted by the anatomical mannerists, the imitators of Michelangelo. He improved both the drawing and colouring of the school. He excelled equally in oil and in fresco. Agostino Carracci engraved some of his works.—(Lanzi.)—R. N. W.
LIGUORI, Alphonso Maria de, a celebrated writer on casuistry, and founder of a religious order, was born at Marianella, near Naples, in 1696. Having obtained in 1714 the degree of doctor in utroque jure, he practised as a lawyer with success till 1722, when he assumed the monastic habit. Ordained a priest in 1726, he preached every day to the common people with so much zeal and emotion, that he was called the apostle of the poor and ignorant. In 1732 he founded the order of the Holy Redeemer at Villa Scala, which, after many obstacles were surmounted, was at last approved of by the pope in 1749. Contrary to his own wish he was made a bishop in 1762—an office which the infirmities of age compelled him to resign in 1775, when he retired to Nocera de' Pagani, the principal house of the order he had founded, where he died in 1787. He was one of the principal advocates of the doctrine of probability, so strongly condemned in Pascal's sixth letter. He was canonized in 1816.—D. W. R.
LILBURNE, John, a restless and resolute republican agitator of the civil war and interregnum periods, was the younger son of a country gentleman of good estate in the county of Durham, and was born in 1618. Apprenticed to a wholesale clothier in London, who confirmed him in the puritan principles which he had inherited from his father, he began his public career very characteristically by complaining to the city authorities of alleged ill-treatment by his master. His ardour recommended him to the leaders of the party, and before the expiry of his apprenticeship he had taken a position as a fearless and devoted puritan. In 1636 he was active in procuring the publication and circulation of pamphlets by Bastwick, one of the victims of Laud's persecutions, and he seems to have lent his aid as an amanuensis to Prynne. For co-operating in the publication and diffusion of some of Prynne's pamphlets early in 1637, he was sentenced by the arbitrary court of high commission—which when brought before it he defied—to be publicly whipped, pilloried, and imprisoned. He was regarded as a martyr by his party, and one of the earliest recorded speeches of Oliver Cromwell in the Long parliament was made in support of a petition of Lilburne to the house of commons. Released subsequently by the house, he joined the parliamentary army in the breaking out of the civil war, was distinguished by Cromwell, and fought bravely at Marston Moor as a lieutenant-colonel in Manchester's regiment. It was said of him afterwards, that if he was the only man living upon earth John would quarrel with Lilburne and Lilburne with John. Fighting for the parliament against the king did not satisfy his combative instincts. He quarreled with the earl of Manchester; and for a vehement attack upon that nobleman he was committed to prison. In his imprisonment he published pamphlets against the parliament, and when the power of the parliament began to wane in presence of the rising influence of Cromwell, he attacked the latter, and accused him of treachery to the cause of the commonwealth. Cromwell, who knew what Lilburne had suffered for the cause, tried to befriend him, but in vain. The intemperance of his language made the parliament pass sentence of banishment on him. In exile he intrigued with the royalists, and returning to England in 1651, without permission, he would have been transported by Cromwell had it not been for the influence of his brother, one of the protector's major-generals, a puritan officer of merit and distinction. He retired to Eltham in Kent, and terminated his career by becoming a preacher among the Quakers. He died on the 29th of August, 1657. There is, in the Biographica Britannica, a list of the vehement pamphlets of "Freeborn John," whom Hume has called "the most turbulent, but the most upright and courageous of human kind."—F. E.
LILIENTHAL, Michael, a learned Prussian divine, born at Liebstadt in 1686, was for many years professor of theology at Königsberg. He was one of the editors of Erläutertes Preussen, published between 1724 and 1728, and was the author of various works. He died in 1750.—D. W. R.
LILIO or GIGLIO, Luigi, known by the Latinized name of Aloysius Lilius, an Italian physician and astronomer, was born at Ciro in Calabria, and died (probably in Rome, where he practised medicine) in 1576. His claim to distinction is founded on his having been the author of the last reformation of the calendar. The error of the Julian calendar, insensible at first, had by degrees accumulated to such an extent, that towards the end of the sixteenth century various projects for a reformed calendar were proposed; and these were submitted by Pope Gregory XIII. to a commission. Amongst the rest was the calendar of Lilio, brought forward after his death by his brother, Antonio Lilio. It was approved of by the commission, was sanctioned by the well-known papal bull of March, 1582, first came into operation in Roman catholic countries on the 15th of October, new style (or 5th, old style) of that year, and has since been known as the "Gregorian Calendar." It was adopted in Britain in 1752.—W. J. M. R.
LILLO, George, an English dramatist, the author of the "Fatal Curiosity" and "George Barnwell," was born at London in February, 1693, near Moorgate. His father, a Dutch jeweller carrying on business in that locality, had married an Englishwoman. George appears to have been brought up in the principles of a protestant dissenter, and he judiciously kept in his father's shop, and continued his business after his death, merely devoting his leisure hours to dramatic literature. His best piece is his "Fatal Curiosity," which is as faulty in its dialogue and style as it is inimitable in its construction. Next to this his two most generally known plays are "George Barnwell" and "Arden of Feversham," the former of which, till lately, was regularly produced at the London theatres on boxing-night. Besides these, which closely resemble each other in plot and moral purpose, illustrations of domestic vice, Lilio wrote four others. All his dramas are in the collection of acting plays, and a separate edition of them appeared in 1770, 2 vols., and again, with a few additions, in 1810. He died in 1739.—W. C. H.
LILLY or LYLY, John, commonly called the Euphuist, was born in 1554, a native of Kent. In 1569, at the age of
