with biographical sketches, under the title of "Kay's Edinburgh Portraits." The collection is quite unique and very valuable for the fidelity of the portraits it contains, though they are deficient in artistic skill. Kay's first wife bore him eleven children, all of whom he had the unhappiness to outlive.—J. T.
KAYE, John, Bishop of Lincoln, was the son of Mr. Abraham Kaye, a linen-draper living at Angel Row, Hammersmith; he was born in 1783. After receiving his elementary education at Hammersmith, he removed to Christ's college, Cambridge, and in 1804 proceeded B.A. In 1814 he became master of Christ Church, and graduated as B.D. In 1815 he took his doctor's degree. In 1816 he succeeded Dr. Watson as regius professor of divinity; in 1820 he obtained the see of Bristol, and in 1827 he was translated to Lincoln, shortly after which he resigned his mastership and his professorship. In 1848 Dr. Kaye was elected visitor of Balliol college, Oxford. He was also F.R.S., and chancellor of the province of Canterbury. In 1815 he married the daughter of John Mortlock, Esq., of Abingdon Hall, Cambridgeshire. He died on 19th February, 1853. He left several valuable contributions to theological literature.—W. C. H.
KAYE or KEYE, John. See Caius.
* KAYE, John William, a prominent contributor to the history and biography of the English rule in India, was born in London on the 3rd of June, 1814. He entered the Bengal artillery in 1833; and returning to England in 1845, devoted himself to literature, especially in connection with Anglo-Indian history and biography. In India he had originated and edited the Calcutta Review. Mr. Kaye was one of the early contributors to the North British Review. He has also contributed on a variety of subjects to other leading periodicals—the Edinburgh Review, Blackwood's Magazine, the Cornhill, &c. In 1851 he published his first work of importance, his "History of the War in Affghanistan," which excited immediate attention, both by the general merits of its execution, and by the novel light which it threw on the secret causes of the war. It reached a second edition in 1857. It was followed in 1853 by "The Administration of the East India Company," a history of Indian progress; in 1854 by the "Life and Correspondence of Charles Lord Metcalfe;" and the "Life and Correspondence of Henry St. George Tucker;" in 1856 by the "Life and Correspondence of Sir John Malcolm," a work based on family papers; and in 1859 by a valuable sketch of the history of "Christianity in India." In 1856 Mr. Kaye was appointed by the East India Company chief of the political department of the India house, in succession to Mr. John Stuart Mill; and on the creation of the council of India he became its secretary for the political and secret department.—F. E.
KAY or CAIUS, Thomas, is now remembered as the author of a work in which it was maintained that Oxford is an older university than Cambridge, and that it was founded by certain Greek philosophers in the time of Brutus, and only restored by Alfred in 870. It is not certain whether he was born in Lincolnshire or Yorkshire. About the year 1522 he was entered at University college, Oxford, of which he was elected master in 1560. His scholarship was sound and extensive, but he "was negligent and careless in some parts of his conduct." Of this we have evidence in the fact that, although he had been unanimously elected registrar of the university in 1534, he had to be deprived of the office in 1552, on account of his neglecting its duties. His celebrated book is entitled "Assertio antiquitatis Oxoniensis Academiæ," and was printed, along with the reply to it, by Dr. John Caius of Cambridge, in 1568, 1574, and 1730. By command of Queen Catherine Parr he published a translation of Erasmus' Paraphrase of St. Mark in 1548. He died in 1572.—D. W. R.
* KAY-SHUTTLEWORTH, Sir John Phillips, Bart., an eminent promoter of the education of the people, was born in 1804. He was educated at the university of Edinburgh, where he distinguished himself as a student, and took the degree of M.D., and subsequently prosecuted his studies on the continent. A pamphlet which he published "On the Moral and Physical condition of the Working Classes employed in the Cotton Manufacture in Manchester," attracted the attention of Earl Russell, and induced him to solicit its able and accomplished author to enter the public service. When the new poor-law bill for England was enacted, Dr. Kay was appointed to organize the unions in the Norfolk district, which he accomplished in a masterly manner, making at the same time provision for the education of the pauper children. On the formation of the committee of privy council on education in 1839, Dr. Kay was appointed secretary to that body; and to him the construction of the vast educational system which has grown up under the care and control of the committee, is mainly to be ascribed. He strenuously and successfully resisted the claims of the high church clergy to the exclusive control of the national schools, and insisted on the admission of the laity to a share in the management. On his retirement from the office of secretary in 1849, in consequence of ill health, he was rewarded for his important services with a baronetcy. He had previously (1842) assumed the name of Shuttleworth on his marriage to the heiress of the ancient family of Shuttleworth of Gawthorpe Hall, Lancashire. Although he has quitted office, Sir James continues still to take the deepest interest in the progress of education, and in other important philanthropic schemes.—J. T.
KAZINCZY or KAZINSKY, Ferencz, a Hungarian writer who distinguished himself as the chief promoter of the revival of his national language and literature, was born at Er-Semlyen in the county of Bihar, in 1759, of a noble protestant family. His predilection for literature displayed itself while he was yet a child, under singular circumstances. It appears that his father was in the habit of telling stories, and that young Kazinczy took to privately committing them to paper. The father was led by this to anticipate the literary reputation of his son, whom he encouraged in his tastes with so much effect that he translated a volume from the German works of Christian Gellert, and committed it to the press before he was fifteen years of age. This volume had not appeared when his father died in 1774; but happily his mother was equally interested in its production, and it was published in 1775. He was several years at the high school of Patak, where he continued till he was twenty, after which he was sent to study law at Kaschau. For some time he followed the profession of an advocate; but his taste never lay in that direction, and in 1784 he became notary of the county of Abanj-Üjvar. Two years later he got an appointment as school-inspector in the district of Kaschau, a post which he retained till 1791. For a long time the Hungarian language had been banished to the homes of the peasant and the agriculturist, and the Latin, as the official language, had been introduced at schools and in all public transactions, so that it was used in common conversation by the upper classes. Joseph in 1784 issued his famous decree for the substitution of German for Latin as the language of public business and instruction in all the provinces. The Hungarians resisted the innovation, and became enthusiastic in their determination to retain and cultivate their national language. Kazinczy was one of the foremost supporters of this movement; but when he began to translate into Hungarian some of the principal dramatic works in English, German, and French, he soon found that he laboured under many disadvantages; for the language had been so little used for literary purposes, that it was inadequate to express many of the ideas of his originals. He therefore boldly introduced new terms and phrases, and relied upon the zeal of his readers for discovering a key to their meaning. Mr. Watts of the British Museum has observed that he carried his point, and adds, "that few men have ever had so large a share in the formation—it might almost be said in the manufacture—of a language." The authors he translated included Marmontel, Göthe, Bürger, Gessner, Shakspeare, and Ossian. In 1788 he took an active part in establishing the Magyar Museum, a journal which was carried on till 1792. In 1790 he started the Orpheus, which however had but a brief existence. In 1791 he published a tragedy entitled "Lanassa." When Joseph II. died, Kazinczy lost his inspectorship, ostensibly because he was not a catholic. Soon after, the Abbot Martinovics took the lead in a plot, which was supposed to aim at the overthrow of the imperial authority. Into this plot Kazinczy was drawn, and in 1794 he was arrested and tried. Sentence of death was passed upon him, but it was commuted into imprisonment, which lasted nearly seven years. While in prison he translated Sterne's Sentimental Journey, and wrote a diary, which was printed in 1848. After his release he married, and settled near Tokaj, where he continued to prosecute his literary labours. He contributed to the journals, edited the works of other authors, republished old national works, wrote a volume of poems, "Transylvanian Letters," and a "Tour to Pannonhalma." Two or three collections of his works have appeared, the last and best in 1843-44. He died in 1831.—B. H. C.
