LINSCHOTEN, John Hugh van, traveller, was born at Haarlem in 1563. He visited Spain and Portugal, and was at Goa from 1583 to 1589. Returned to Holland, he was commissioned to accompany two expeditions for the discovery of a north-east passage to China, which sailed respectively in 1594 and 1595. His narratives of these and other travels are of great interest. He died at Enkhuysen in 1633.—W. J. P.
* LINTON, William, the eminent landscape painter, was born at Liverpool towards the close of the last century, but brought up among the Westmoreland mountains. On leaving school he was placed in a merchant's office in his native city; but his passion for art proved too strong, and after a brief trial he was sent to London to receive instruction in painting. He exhibited at the British Institution in 1819 a "Carpenter's Shop near Hastings," which attracted some notice; but he shortly began to paint those grander views of mountain and lake scenery, and scenes of classic fame, with which his name is chiefly associated. His earlier pictures, as well us many of his later, were taken from the lakes of Cumberland and Westmoreland, the mountains of North Wales, and the highlands of Scotland; but he subsequently extended his range by travel in Italy, Sicily, Greece, Calabria, and Switzerland, during which he diligently stored his sketch-books and his memory with notes of the more remarkable localities in those classic lands. Many of the pictures painted from these sketches are of a very large size, and frequently the scenery is represented in connection with its historical associations. Among the more celebrated of this class of his pictures are the "Italy," in the collection of the duke of Bedford, at Woburn; "Positano," in that of the earl of Ellesmere; the "Temple of Fortune," in the gallery of Sir Robert Peel; a "Greek City, with the return of a victorious armament;" "Jerusalem at the time of the Crucifixion;" the "Bay of Naples;" "Athens;" "Corinth;" "Carthage;" and others of a like character. Among British pictures, besides the lake and mountain scenes above referred to, may be mentioned the grand painting of "Corfe Castle," 1842, and the equally grand "Lancaster," painted in 1852. His latest exhibited picture was the "Bay of Baiæ," 1859. Mr. Linton paints in a large and severe style, and he is consequently not one of the popular painters of annual exhibitions, where, indeed, his pictures are seldom seen to advantage. But their grandeur of aim, classic feeling, accuracy of drawing, breadth of effect, and artistic knowledge, always commend them to the student and man of cultivated taste. In 1856 Mr. Linton published a handsome quarto volume on the "Scenery of Greece and its Islands," illustrated by fifty views, etched by himself on steel from his original sketches. He has also issued for the use of artists a "Table of Colours for Oil Painting," drawn up by him when acting as juror in the Great Exhibition of 1851. Mr. Linton was one of the founders of the Society of British Artists—J. T—e.
LINTOTT, Bernard (Barnaby), bookseller, the publisher of Pope's translation of Homer, was the son of a Sussex yeoman, and born about 1675. Apprenticed to a London bookseller in 1690, he started in business on the expiry of his indentures "at the sign of the Cross Keys, between the Temple gates." In 1714 he made a very liberal agreement with Pope for the publication of the translation of Homer. The harmony between publisher and poet did not long survive the termination of their joint enterprise. Pope lampooned in the Dunciad the "fat and fair" bibliopole, and though more genially, ridiculed him in the prose letter to the earl of Burlington, describing his journey with Lintott to Oxford. Lintott amassed a fortune and retired to Horsham in Sussex, of which county he became high-sheriff in 1735. He died in the February of the following year.—F. E.
LINUS, said to have been bishop of the church at Rome in the first century, and supposed to be the same mentioned by St. Paul in 2 Tim. iv. 21. He is called bishop of Rome by Irenæus, Eusebius, and other ancient writers, but no other reliable fact is recorded of him, although later imaginations have invented a biography for him, and ascribed to him the authorship of a history of the sufferings of Peter and Paul.—B. H. C.
LINWOOD, Miss, whose exhibition of needlework was for more than forty years one of the principal sights of London, was born at Birmingham in 1755, and died in March, 1845, at Leicester. Her exhibition consisted of nearly a hundred pictures from the old masters, worked by her own needle in worsted with wonderful skill and perseverance. For one of them she refused the sum of three thousand guineas.—F. E.
LIOTARD, Jean Etienne, miniature painter, was born at Geneva in 1702. He was designed for a merchant, but a copy which he made of a miniature by Petitot was so much admired that he was permitted to pursue his own inclination. In 1725 he went to Paris, where he met with much success. In 1738 he proceeded to Rome, whence he accompanied Lords Sandwich and Besborough to Constantinople, and from the latter city, by the advice of the British ambassador, he came on to London. At Constantinople he had assumed the Turkish costume, and suffered his beard to grow, and the novelty of his appearance was said by his detractors to have conduced as much as his talent to the popularity of "the Turk," as he was commonly called. He stayed in London two years, and executed a large number of portraits in miniature, and crayons of members of the fashionable circles. In 1772 he revisited England, and again stayed a couple of years. He retired to his native place in 1776. The date of his death is not given. Liotard's likenesses were pronounced faithful; they are hard, minute, and seldom flattering. In his English miniatures he frequently affects a Turkish costume. He etched a portrait of himself in a Turkish habit, and a few other heads. He also executed some enamels.—A younger brother, Jean Michel Liotard, was an engraver of some ability: he was a pupil of B. Audran, and resided at Venice.—J. T—e.
LIPENIUS, Martinus, a learned and laborious German writer, born in 1630, in humble circumstances; studied philosophy and theology at Wittemberg; became co-rector of Halle in 1659, rector of the Swedish college of Stettin in 1672, and co-rector of Lübeck in 1676. He died at Lübeck in 1692. He wrote many treatises on different subjects, but his bibliographical compilations are the most celebrated and useful. They consist of six folio volumes, and form the basis of some important works of that class.—B. H. C.
* LIPKENS, Anton, a Dutch engineer, was the son of a cloth manufacturer at Maestricht, and was born in the year 1782. After receiving such instruction as his native town afforded, he went to Paris, to be examined for admission into the polytechnic school. On his arrival in Paris he found that the examination was over; but he obtained permission to attend the lectures of the school. He applied himself so successfully to his studies, that after a short time he was engaged upon the government survey. About 1813 he was temporarily employed in military engineering duties. On peace being established in Europe he resumed his civil position, and in 1827 was placed at the Hague as engineer-in-chief of the topographical survey; and he discharged the duties so satisfactorily that in 1831 he was nominated a knight of the order of the lion of the Netherlands, in which he was subsequently promoted to the rank of commander. He afterwards became one of the councillors of the ministry of the interior, having more especially the department of patents under his charge. He was deputed by the government to visit England and other countries, to inspect and report upon public works. He was appointed to posts of confidence in the ministry of the interior on his return. He founded the Royal Academy of Civil Engineers at Delft.—R.
LIPPERSHEIM, Hans, a Dutch spectacle-maker, said to have been the first inventor of the telescope, was born at Wesel in the sixteenth century, and died at Middelburg in 1619. About 1608 he is stated to have made the first telescope by combining a convex object-lens and concave eye-lens of rock-crystal, and in the course of the same year a binocular telescope. The history of his invention is given by Professor Moll, in a work entitled Geschiedkundig Onderzoek naar de eerste Uitfinders der Vernkykers (Historical inquiry as to the first inventor of the telescope), Amsterdam, 1831.—W. J. M. R.
LIPPI, Filippino, son of Fra Filippo Lippi, born at Florence in 1460, was a better painter than his father in the execution of the general accessaries, though not in the higher qualities of art. The National gallery possesses three admirable examples of the art of this master. Filippino's chief works are the frescoes of the Strozzi chapel, in the church of Santa Maria Novella, Florence; and the continuation of the frescoes of the Brancacci chapel in the church of the Carmine, which were left incomplete by Masolino da Panicale and by Masaccio. Filippino continued these works in 1485; his contributions are—"The Restoring a Youth to Life," partly painted by Masaccio; "The Crucifixion of St. Peter;" "St. Peter and St. Paul before Nero, or the Proconsul;" and "St. Peter liberated from Prison," according to some opinions. In this is the figure of St. Paul, adopted by
