Raphael in the cartoon of Paul Preaching at Athens. Filippino was at Rome in 1492. He died at Florence, 13th April, 1505, at the early age of forty-five. The Rucellai altar-piece in the National gallery is one of Filippino's masterpieces.—(Vasari, Vite, &c., Ed. Lemonnier; Baldanzi, Pitture di Fra Filippo, &c., di Prato; Rumohr, Italienische Forschungen.)—R. N. W.
LIPPI, Fra Filippo, was born at Florence about the year 1412, and his parents dying while he was still a child, he was brought up by an aunt until his eighth year, when she placed him, about 1420, in the Carmelite convent at Florence, to commence his novitiate. After he had been some years in the convent, he showed such a taste for drawing that the prior resolved to bring him up as a painter, and Filippo was allowed to daily visit Masaccio, then employed painting in the convent. Such is the account of Vasari, but it is possible that the painter with whom Filippo studied was Masolino da Panicale, whose frescoes Masaccio was later employed to continue; this, however, remains doubtful, and Vasari may be right after all. Filippo is said to have painted a fresco of the "Confirmation of the Rules of the Order of the Carmelites" in the cloister of the convent, near a work by Masaccio; but these and other works were destroyed in a fire which partly consumed the convent in 1771. In 1430, when only in his eighteenth year, Filippo gave up the monastic life and went to Ancona. Here, while at sea with other young men, he was captured by a pirate, and carried in chains to Africa and there sold as a slave. Eighteen months after the commencement of his captivity, he amused himself with drawing his master in chalk on a white wall. This appeared a kind of prodigy to the Moor, who released Filippo, and having employed him to execute several works for him, gave him his liberty and sent him to Italy. He appears to have landed at Naples about 1435, and was employed by Alfonso, duke of Calabria, to paint a picture in the Castell Nuovo at Naples. In 1438 he was actively employed in Florence, in Santo Spirito; and he painted some small pictures for Cosmo de Medici, two of which, very beautiful examples of that period, are now in the National gallery—an Annunciation, and St. John the Baptist, with six other saints, seated on a stone bench in a garden. Fra Filippo executed many excellent pictures in Florence, Fiesole, and Arezzo; but his greatest works were painted at Prato, in the choir of the cathedral, representing the lives of John the Baptist and of Stephen the first martyr. He was at work in Prato from 1456 until 1464. While engaged here in 1458, in the convent of Santa Margherita, he persuaded the nuns to allow a young lady, Lucrezia Buti, who was being educated in the convent, to sit to him for the portrait of the Madonna; he seduced her and carried her off, and she was the mother of his son Filippino, who afterwards achieved great fame as a painter. The picture, "A Nativity," upon which Filippo was engaged when he committed this outrage, is said now to be in the Louvre, No. 233, but there is nothing in that work to corroborate the statement of the beauty of the model. From Prato Fra Filippo went to Spoleto, and here he died on the 8th October, 1469, aged fifty-seven. He is supposed to have been poisoned by the relations of Lucrezia Buti; but as Lucrezia very much preferred to live with Filippo to returning to her family, they could only injure her by such a proceeding. The tradition, however, is a mere hearsay report. His unfinished works in the cathedral of Spoleto were completed in 1470 by his pupil, Fra Diamante. He also instructed the young Filippino in painting, who was only ten years old when his father died.—R. N. W.
LIPPOMANI, Aloisio or Luigi, an eminent Italian bishop, born at Venice about 1500, of a noble family, and early distinguished for his great and varied attainments. He was in succession bishop of Modena, Verona, and Bergamo; was one of the presidents at the council of Trent, where he took a foremost place and exercised great influence; and was therefore sent as deputy to Rome to seek the removal of the council to Bologna. He was appointed to fill several important foreign offices, was nuncio to Poland, and secretary to Pope Paul V. His works are lives of saints, &c. He died in 1559.—B. H. C.
LIPSIUS, Justus, a scholar of great reputation in the sixteenth century, was born on the 18th October, 1547, at Isque, a village situate midmay between Brussels and Louvain. At six years of age he began to learn Latin at Brussels, and at ten was placed at the college of Ath, whence he removed two years later to Cologne, where, at the Jesuit college, he first had a consciousness of his growing attainments. At Lonvain, whither he was sent by his parents that he might escape the snares of the jesuits, Lipsius studied law. At eighteen he travelled into Italy, and ingratiated himself with Cardinal Granvelle by dedicating to his eminence the "Variarum Lectionum libri iii.," which was published at Antwerp in 1569. The cardinal rewarded the young critic by appointing him his private secretary, an office he held for two years. He did not escape the dangers of youth, and had nearly died from the consequences of an orgie at Dole, held in honour of Giselin. The troubles in the Low Countries preventing his return home, he accepted a professor's chair at Jena in 1572, and held it for two years. He then went to Cologne, married, and would have retired to his native place to prosecute his studies in quiet; but the war drove him to Leyden, where in 1579 he became professor of history, and wrote several learned treatises. Professing Calvinism, he had a strong objection to dissent; and in his work, "Politicorum libri sex," he strenuously advocated the punishment of sectarians. This treatise was vigorously attacked by Kornhert, and a storm of unpopularity forced Lipsius to resign his chair in 1591. On his way to Spa, he was reconciled at Mayence to the Roman catholic church. Flattering offers from potentates and powerful municipalities now reached him, but he declined every proposal in order to accept the professorship of Louvain, near his birthplace. Here he remained till his death, which took place on the 24th March, 1606. In a painting by Rubens he is depicted with a dog and a tulip, as indications of two passions which possessed him—fondness for lapdogs and tulips. The best edition of his "Opera omnia," is that published at Wesel, 7 vols. 8vo, 1675, with a Life by Aubert le Mire.—R. H.
LIRON, Jean, a French ecclesiastic, distinguished as the author of some curious and useful works on subjects of a historical kind, was born at Chartres in 1665, joined the benedictines of St. Maur, was the colleague of Lenourry, and librarian at Mans, where he died in 1749.—B. H. C.
LISBOA, Francisco Marcos de, Bishop of Oporto, born in 1511; died in 1591. He was historiographer to the order of Franciscans, and wrote a chronicle of the order, 3 vols., 1556- 1570, 1660, which is esteemed for its classical style.—F. M. W.
LISCOV, Christian Ludwig, a German satirist, was born at Wittenberg in Mecklenburg-Schwerin in 1701, and devoted himself to the study of law at Jena. In 1744 he became private secretary to the famous Count Brühl at Dresden, but like his master, fell into disgrace and was banished the capital. He died at his estate near Eilenburg, October 30, 1760. Among his satires, that on bad authors is the most celebrated.—K. E.
LISLE, Alice, one of the victims of the infamous Judge Jeffreys, was the widow of Lord Commissioner Lisle, a noted politician and lawyer of the period of the Interregnum, who had sat in judgment on Charles I., and in Cromwell's house of peers. The politics of "the Lady Lisle" were more moderate than those of her husband, and before the Restoration she had behaved with kindness to persecuted royalists. After the defeat of Monmouth at Sedgemoor she gave a night's shelter at her house in Hampshire to two of the rebels. For this offence she was tried at Winchester, 1685, by Jeffreys, at the threshold of the bloody assize. He almost forced a verdict of guilty from the reluctant jury, and actually sentenced her to be burned alive. The efforts made to procure her pardon from James II. only resulted in a commutation of her sentence from burning to hanging. She was executed at Winchester, and died, says Lord Macaulay, with "serene courage." After the Revolution, 1688, the judgment on her, as on Russell and Sidney, was annulled by act of parliament.—F. E.
LISLE, Sir George, a brave royalist soldier of the civil war period, was, according to David Lloyd's Memoirs, "an honest bookseller's son," who in early life "trailed a pike in the Low Countries." He entered Charles' army and rose to distinction as an intrepid and skilful infantry officer. According to the authority already cited, he commanded the forlorn hope at the first battle of Newbury, and at the second battle, protracted into the night, he "fought in his shirt" that he might be recognized by his soldiers, and was then and there knighted by the king for his gallantry. He was one of the principal officers who defended Colchester when besieged by Fairfax and the parliamentary army in 1648, and surrendered at discretion on the 28th of August. With two others he was condemned to be shot, and met his fate with cheerful gallantry. There is an interesting account of his death in Clarendon, who describes him as not only brave, but "soft and gentle."—F. E.
