merit was recognized. The future depended on himself. Having completed "Milo" in marble; a "David," 1829, for Earl Grey; a group, "Duncan's Horses Fighting;" and received commissions from the earl of Egremont, the dukes of Northumberland and Sutherland, and other liberal patrons—Mr. Lough decided on visiting Rome, in order to examine the ancient sculpture in the great metropolis of art, and to familiarize himself with the modes of working of the distinguished living sculptors. He remained there four years, 1834-38, and on his return exhibited a marble group of a "Boy and Dolphin," executed in Rome, and in which, as in all his subsequent works, the influence of his Italian studies was very evident. Since then Mr. Lough's chisel has never lain idle. He acquired fame by imaginative works, and with these his name was long chiefly associated. But he has been year by year increasingly drawn aside by the easier and probably more remunerative claims of portraiture. His chief works of a poetic order include a grand series of ten marble statues of characters from Shakspeare; a series of reliefs from some of Shakspeare's plays, and an apotheosis of Shakspeare, all executed for Sir M. W. Ridley; the "Mourners," a colossal group, executed for the same liberal patron; "A Roman Fruit Girl;" "A Bacchanalian Revel;" "Satan and the Archangel Michael," &c. Mr. Lough's principal monumental works include a colossal statue of the marquis of Hastings, erected at Malta; a recumbent statue of Robert Southey for Keswick church; and the memorial to George Stephenson for Newcastle-on-Tyne. This work, which he is now finishing, is the most elaborate and important of its class he has yet executed, and promises to be one of the most successful of our recent public monuments. Among his portrait statues and busts, are the statues of the queen and the prince consort in the Royal Exchange, London; the posthumous bust of Edward Forbes the naturalist, of which duplicates are placed in King's college, London, and in the hall of the Museum of Practical Geology. Casts of several of Mr. Lough's poetic works are in the Crystal Palace, Sydenham.—J. T—e.
LOUGHBOROUGH. See Wedderburn.
LOUIS or LEWIS (in German, Ludwig): the sovereigns so-called are here grouped under the names, alphabetically arranged, of their respective countries—viz., France, Germany, Hungary, and Italy and Sicily:—
FRANCE.
Louis I., surnamed le Debonnaire, and also le Pieux, king of France and emperor of the West, was the son of Charlemagne and Hildegarde, and was born in 778 at Ingelheim. Soon after he was nominated King of Aquitaine; and in 781 Pope Adrian I. anointed and crowned him at Rome. In 813 his father presented him as his successor in the empire to the leading clergy and laity assembled at Aix-la-Chapelle. The following year Charlemagne died, and Louis assumed his title; but with poor success. His zeal in church matters was equalled only by his incompetency in secular affairs. The result was that he satisfied no party. He had married at the age of sixteen, and his three sons, Lothaire, Louis, and Pepin, had each to be provided with a kingdom. A second marriage, followed by the birth of another son, added to his causes of anxiety. Lothaire was associated with him in the empire in 817, and he confirmed the popes in the donations which had been made to them. He defeated his nephew Bernard who rose against him, and having made him prisoner, put out his eyes. He permitted churchmen to have the upper hand in most affairs, and yet Pope Gregory joined his sons in a conspiracy against him. He was compelled to abdicate, and shut up in a monastery, but restored; and after a troublous and inglorious life, died in 840.—B. H. C.
Louis II., called le Bègue (the Stammerer), the son of Charles the Bald, was born in 846. In 862 he connived at the abduction of his sister, for which his father deprived him of an abbey, whose revenues he enjoyed. Hereupon he went into Brittany, took a wife against his father's will, and raised troops for the invasion of Anjou. He was defeated, but pardoned, and in 877 succeeded to the throne of his father as king of France. He was crowned at Rheims by Hincmar, and some time after was crowned again by Pope John VIII. , then a fugitive in France. Louis had been compelled by his father to put away his first wife and to marry an English princess named Alice or Adelaide, who survived him, and her son Charles the Simple afterwards came to the throne, although the pope refused to admit the validity of the marriage. The career of Louis was brief, but sufficiently long to diminish still further the glory of the house of Charlemagne. The discontented candidates for pensions and offices leagued themselves against him, and to pacify them he dismembered his kingdom, creating a number of petty feudal lords and tyrants in the persons of his rapacious courtiers. He died at Compiègne in 879.—B. H. C.
Louis III., the eldest son of the preceding by his first wife, was born about 863, and succeeded his father, in conjunction with Carloman his brother, who survived him. Louis alone had been nominated by his father, but the succession was contested, and Louis of Germany, who was invited to supplant him, had to be bought off by the cession of a part of Lorraine. The two brothers divided the kingdom; Louis took Neustria and part of Burgundy, and Carloman had Aquitaine and the rest of Burgundy. An attempt was made to secure a share for Charles the Simple, youngest son of Louis II., but without success. Boson, the father-in-law of Carloman, succeeded in setting up the kingdom of Aries, which included Provence, what is called Dauphiné the districts of Lyons, Savoy, Franche-Comté, &c. With Boson on one side and the Normans on the other, the two brothers had enough work on their hands, but with the help of Charles the Fat they gained some victories. It is said that Louis, in particular, slew nine thousand of his enemies at Amiens; but he was suddenly cut off by death at Saint Denis in 882, leaving no children, and was succeeded by Carloman. There are various accounts of the manner of his death, which appears, however, to have been the result of an accident.—B. H. C.
Louis IV., surnamed D'Outre-Mer, the son of Charles the Simple, born in 921; died in 954. His youth was spent in England; hence his name "from beyond sea." His mother Ogiva was sister to Athelstane. On the death of Raoul of Burgundy the nobles of France, desirous of having for king a descendant of Charlemagne, sent a deputation to Louis offering him the crown. He accepted it and was crowned, but was soon compelled to do battle for the royal authority with Hugh of Paris, who had thought to govern while Louis reigned. He was also involved in war with the Normans, and was captured by them, obtaining his liberty by the surrender of the town of Laon, which he recaptured at a later period. While riding from Laon to Rheims a wolf crossed his road; he spurred in pursuit; but his horse fell, and Louis was mortally wounded. He died at the age of thirty-three, leaving two sons—Lothaire, who succeeded him; and Charles of Lower Lorraine and Brabant.—P. E. D.
Louis V., surnamed le Faineant, was the son of Lothaire and Emma, and was born in 966. He succeeded his father on the 2nd March, 986, and died 21st May, 987. He had been crowned in his father's lifetime, and was protected by Hugues Capet. His short reign of fourteen months was one of misery and crime. His mother was supposed to have aided in poisoning his father; and she afterwards became the mistress of the archbishop of Laon. Louis is supposed to have been poisoned either by his mother or his wife Blanche, and with him perished the royal race of the Carlovingians, which had reigned in France for two hundred and thirty-seven years. A new race came in with Hugh Capet.—P. E. D.
Louis VI., called le Gros, was the son of Philip I. and Bertha of Holland, and was born in 1078, and died in 1137. Persecuted in his youth by Philip's second wife he took refuge in England. He succeeded his father in 1108. His reign was characterized by wars with his neighbours and with Henry I. of England. He was more of a king than his predecessors, and less of a mere chieftain. He allied himself with the clergy and the communes to check the feudal nobles. In this reign many communes obtained charters, which, however, were paid for in money. In this reign also the oriflamme was first borne by the French army. Louis married Adelaide of Savoy, by whom he had a large family. The eldest, Philip, died young; and the second son, Louis VII., succeeded to the throne. A daughter, Constance, married Eustace, son of Stephen of England.—P. E. D.
Louis VII., called le Jeune, was the second son of Louis VI., and was born in 1119; and died at Paris, 18th September, 1180. He was at Poitiers celebrating his marriage with Eleanor of Aquitaine—a marriage that doubled the extent of the monarchy—when he learnt the death of his father. He returned to Paris and commenced his reign under favourable auspices. He confirmed the privileges of the principal towns. Innocent II., presuming upon the king's youth, attempted to make his own nephew archbishop of Bourges, and a quarrel ensued. The pope went so far as to excommunicate Louis. The archbishop fled
