ingenuous, or traitorous, the speaker or the writer gladly saves himself circumlocutions, and uses a phrase which is well understood, and within which all these meanings are condensed; and with sarcastic terseness he calls such a course of conduct—Jesuitical.
Whoever wishes to inform himself authentically as to what this far-famed jesuitism is, must seek the information he needs in those documents which the society itself has recognized, and which it appeals to as the exemplars of its doctrine and its discipline. These authorized canons of the society are the following:—The first to be named of these canons of the Jesuit Institute is the small book entitled "Spiritual Exercises," and which is believed to be Loyola's own composition, and which he put into the hands of his colleagues when first they engaged themselves in his service. The second is that epistle to the Portuguese members of the order, in which the doctrine of obedience, as it is understood within its pale, is advanced in terms the most explicit, and which are astounding to common sense. This epistle, as we have said, was understood to be Loyola's own, and it was written toward the close of his course and life. The third place in this list is due to the book of the Constitutions, with the comment or Directorium, which, as appears, were composed, or at least were digested and reduced to a system, by the fathers—Lainez, Faber, and Aquaviva. At a later time produced, and unadvisedly published, were the Moneta Secreta, in which jesuit confessors found their guidance on difficult occasions when they were charged with the consciences of notable persons. These books are not scarce, either in catholic or protestant countries. The sources of so much information as may now be accessible bearing upon Loyola's personal history are the following books—or they are these chiefly:—The Bollandists, in their vast collections entitled Acta Sanctorum, brought together those materials of jesuit history which were then available. These materials were afterwards digested and amplified by Orlandinus; and his memoir of the founder of the society, which is very ample, has been accepted as authentic by the society itself. The jesuit John Peter Maffei, known as the author of a History of the Indies and of a Life of St. Francis Xavier, has left a Memoir of Loyola, which is agreeable in its style, and is condensed within moderate limits. He appears to have made use of the notes of Polaneus, who had been on terms of intimacy with his master. This book appeared in 1585, and copies may still be obtained. Another of Loyola's personal friends—Ludovico Gonsalvo, a Spaniard—left memoirs of the earlier years of his master, which are recommended by their apparent truthfulness and simplicity. These memoirs were at a later time made use of by the jesuit Pietro Ribadeneira, whose Life of Loyola is the one most in esteem as authentic. Modern compilations on the same subject have been many.—I. T.
LUBBERT, Sibrand, a Dutch protestant theologian, chiefly distinguished for his controversial writings in defence of Calvinism, and against Romanists, Arminians, and Socinians. He was born in 1556, and educated at Bremen, Wittenberg, and Geneva. He was pastor at Embden, preacher to the governor and states of Friesland, and professor at Franeker, in the university of which place he became rector. He was also one of the deputies at the synod of Dort, and died in 1625.—B. H. C.
* LUBBOCK, Sir John William, Baronet, a distinguished mathematician, astronomer, and physicist, was born on the 26th of March, 1803. He is the head of a well-known banking firm in London. He has been a fellow of the Royal Society since 1829 , is a member of the senate of the university of London, and was for five years one of its vice-chancellors. His writings consist of a series of papers, which have appeared in the Philosophical Transactions since 1830, in the Transactions of the Royal Astronomical Society since 1831, and in the Philosophical Magazine since 1835; and of some separate publications, amongst which may be mentioned, "Mathematical Tracts," London, 1834; "Remarks on the Classification of the different Branches of Human Knowledge," London, 1838; "On the Computation of Eclipses and Occultations," London, 1835; "Elementary Treatise on the Tides," London, 1839. The greatest of his scientific labours, in point both of magnitude and of importance, consists of a long series of researches on the tides, which appeared in the Philosophical Transactions from 1830 till 1837 inclusive.—R.
LUBIENIETZKI or LUBIENICZKI, Stanislaus, known also by his Latinized name of Lubienicius or Lubieniecius, an eminent Polish Socinian minister and writer, was born at Cracow in 1625, or, according to some, at Racovia in 1623, and was the son of a minister who took much pains to have him properly educated. Sent to study at Thorn for two years, he associated with two of the Socinian deputies at the celebrated colloquy there in 1644. Of this colloquy he drew up a report. He afterwards travelled in Holland and France where he made the acquaintance of many learned men. In 1648 he lost his father and returned to Poland, where he married and became assistant minister at Siedliski, and soon after minister of Czarcovia. In 1657 he went on a mission to the king of Sweden, to seek an amnesty in favour of the Socinians who were under his protection. This journey brought him additional reputation, but was unsuccessful as to its main object; the treaty of peace was concluded, but no amnesty was granted to the Unitarians, and Lubienietzki was unable to return to Poland. He thereupon went to Copenhagen in 1660, thence to Pomerania, and finally to Hamburg, where he died of poison in 1675, just when he had received orders to quit the city. He made prodigious efforts to secure toleration for his sect, and to extend and consolidate it. The works he wrote are numerous, but very few of them were printed. He published in Latin a curious work on comets; and his "History of the Reformation in Poland" came out after his death, with a memoir of the author.—B. H. C.
LUBIN, Eilhard, a German scholar and divine, was born in Oldenburg in 1565; studied at several of the universities, and acquired considerable eminence for his knowledge of languages and literature. In 1595 he became professor of poetry at Rostock, and in 1605 professor of theology. He died in 1621, after a long illness. His publications are very numerous, comprising works in classical literature; commentaries on St. Paul's epistles; a "Harmony of the Gospels;" and above all, a work designed to account for the origin of sin and to explain its nature, entitled "Tractatus Hypermetaphysicus," and a defence of it called "Apologeticus."—B. H. C.
LUCA, Giovanni Battista di, Cardinal, born in Venosa, kingdom of Naples, 1614; died 5th February, 1683. Under Innocent XI. he held the offices of auditor, referendary of the two signatures, and secretary of memorials; and by the same pope was nominated cardinal in 1681. Amongst his works may be mentioned a huge legal compilation, "Theatrum Veritatis et Justitiæ," in 21 vols. folio. When near his end he bequeathed his property to the poor and to certain churches.—C. G. R.
LUCA SANTO, an old Italian painter, who lived at Florence at the end of the twelfth century; he is said to have been commonly called Santo or the Saint from his piety; and to him has been ascribed the old black pictures of Christ (in the Lateran palace), and of the Virgin (in the church of Santa Maria in Cosmedin in Rome), which vulgar tradition supposes to have been painted by St. Luke the evangelist. This painter is styled by Lami, "Uno servo di Dio, e di santa vita, nostro Fiorentino, il quale aveva a nome Luca, Santo volgarmente chiamato." The tradition, however, that St. Luke was a painter is older than the twelfth century; it is mentioned in the eighth century by Johannes Damascenus. There was also, it appears, a Greek hermit of the name of Lucas, who used to paint images of the Virgin; and hence the confusion of Luke the evangelist with Luke the hermit. It is very probable that the Byzantine picture of the Madonna on a panel of cypress, venerated as the work of St. Luke the evangelist in the church of Ara cell at Rome, is by this old Greek anchorite. So far from the Jews being painters, artists themselves were, according to Origen, excluded from the Jewish provinces. It is to this tradition that is due the fact of St. Luke being the common patron of painters; there are few academies of art that are not under his protection. The first was that of Florence, and it was founded in 1349 under the name of Compagnia di San Luca (Company of St. Luke). D. M. Manin, Tiraboschi, and Lanzi have all written on this subject. The first to oppose the absurd tradition was Manin in his treatise, Dell' Errore che persiste di attribuirsi le Pitture al santo Evangelista; but he committed the mistake of making Luca Santo the source of the tradition.—(Lanzi, Storia, &c.; Wornum, Epochs of Painting, &c., 1859.)—R. N. W.
* LUCAN, George Charles Bingham, third earl of, was born in London in 1800, was educated at Westminster school, and in his sixteenth year entered the army as an ensign. He had just obtained the rank of major-general in 1853 when the war with Russia broke out, and Lord Lucan was sent to the
