Crimea as commander in chief of the cavalry. The useless sacrifice of life in the desperate cavalry charge of Balaklava caused considerable excitement at home, and a general opinion prevailed that this disaster would not have occurred but for a misunderstanding between Lord Lucan and his relative Lord Cardigan, who held a subordinate command in the same division. An inquiry subsequently took place at Chelsea, and both generals were acquitted of blame. In 1855 Lord Lucan, who had been wounded before Sebastopol, was made K.C.B., and in the same year he became colonel of the 8th dragoons. In 1859 he reached the rank of lieutenant-general. He has the somewhat singular honour of being a knight of St. Anne of Russia on the one part, and a commander of the legion of honour for his services against Russia on the other. He married in 1829 a sister of the earl of Cardigan, succeeded his father in the Irish peerage in 1839, and was elected a representative peer of Ireland in 1840.—R. H.
LUCANUS, Marcus Annæus, the son of Annæus Mella, a Roman knight, was born at Cordova in Spain, a.d. 38, and was instructed at Rome in philosophy and literature by the most eminent preceptors of the age. Even in boyhood his talents were remarkable, and Seneca styles him "blandissimum puerum, ad cujus conspectum nulla potest durare tristitia," His first poetical efforts brought him under the notice of Nero, who treated him with familiarity and favour, and bestowed on him the office of quæstor. But the imperial kindness was only short-lived. It could not be expected that two natures so dissimilar as those of the patron and the protegé should long remain united by the bond of friendship. The ardent love of freedom that inspired the one, and the despotic passions that debased the other, came at last to an open rupture. Prompted by envy, indignation, and policy, Nero suppressed the writings of Lucanus, and peremptorily commanded him never to write poetry again. Listening to the whisper of revenge, the offended poet assumed a conspicuous part in the conspiracy of Piso for Nero's assassination. The plot being detected, Lucanus was condemned to death, on which he opened his veins, and died repeating some verses of the "Pharsalia" which describe the decease of a wounded soldier in circumstances similar to his own. This event occurred a.d. 65, in the twenty-seventh year of his age. Lucanus wrote many poems; but his only extant production is the well-known "Pharsalia," founded on the civil war between Cæsar and Pompey. Quintilian justly terms Lucanus "more of an orator than a poet;" and the "Pharsalia" is not properly a poem, it is rather rhetoric in rhythm. Yet that rhetoric is of the most impassioned kind. The reader is borne irresistibly along on the stream of fervid and fiery declamation; and withal there are occasional glimpses into the deeper life of poetry, which seem to indicate that, had his life been spared, his genius would have outgrown that tendency to the turgid, extravagant, and unnatural, which is so painfully apparent in many portions of the work.—J. J.
LUCAS, Charles, M.D., was born on the 16th September, 1713, probably in Dublin, where his father had come to reside from the county of Clare. Of the details of his early life little is known. He graduated in Trinity college, Dublin, and set up first as an apothecary, but afterwards took out a degree in medicine, and practised as a physician with considerable success. He was also a fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, London. It is, however, as a politician that he is best known. His first appearance in that character was as a writer; and some of his opinions against the despotic principles of his day were expressed with such freedom, that he found it necessary to withdraw for a time to the continent. On his return to Dublin he was elected one of the common council in the corporation, and set himself to resist the illegal encroachments of the board of aldermen. A series of spirited exertions on the part of Lucas made him so popular, that in 1740 he was invited to stand for the representation of the city. In the progress of the contest Lucas, both in his speeches and writings, made himself so obnoxious to the government that he and his printer were ordered to attend to be examined before a committee of the house of commons. Resolutions were passed affirming his guilt, and an order was made for his imprisonment for violating the privileges of the house. To escape this and a threatened prosecution, Lucas once more fled, and remained in England till the storm passed over. After some time a vacancy again occurred in the representation for his native city; and once more returned, he offered himself as a candidate, and was successful. He at once signalized himself by his advocacy of popular rights. On the first day of the session of 1761 he obtained leave to bring in a bill to limit the duration of parliaments, in analogy to the English septennial bill; and though the bill was lost, he did not relax his efforts, but procured a bill to be passed for better securing the freedom and independence of parliament, which, however, was modified in England. The rest of his life was spent in the endeavour to introduce measures for the benefit of his country, both in the house and as a writer. He died on the 4th November, 1771, and received the honour of a public funeral and a statue erected to his memory. As a politician Lucas was honest, fearless, and firm; his patriotism was untainted and unassailable. Frank, simple, and energetic, his want of coolness and caution often exposed him to just censure for violence and discourtesy; but his honesty has never been successfully impeached amidst all the rancour of political enmities. In his profession he was a successful and skilful practitioner, and has left several treatises, especially one upon the mineral waters of Bath, published in 1756.—J. F. W.
* LUCAS, Charles, principal of the Royal Academy of Music, was born at Salisbury in 1808, where his father was a music-seller. At six years old he became a singing boy in the choir of Salisbury cathedral. In March, 1823, he entered the Royal Academy as a pupil of Lindley for the violoncello, and of Dr. Crotch for harmony and composition; and a year afterwards he was appointed a sub-professor of the latter study. He was made director of the academy orchestra in 1832, and was placed at the head of our national musical seminary in 1859. He has been organist at Hanover chapel since 1839, and for many years he took advantage of his position in the academy to maintain a choir, consisting of the pupils, for the service of this church, which was, however, broken up on the appointment of a new incumbent. While yet a student, he played the violoncello in the orchestras of the Italian opera and of the Philharmonic Society; and he succeeded his master Lindley as principal violoncellist in both of these establishments. Also while in the academy, he was much distinguished as a composer; he gained a prize given by the present king of the Belgians for the finale of an Italian opera, and wrote three symphonies, which were tried, but not performed, by the Philharmonic Society, the production of which elsewhere showed their merit to the world. Since his period of studentship he has written and published an opera called "The Regicide," which has not been given on the stage. On the organization of Queen Adelaide's private band in 1830, he was appointed composer and chief-violoncellist, which offices he held until the band was dissolved at King William's death. In 1856 he became a partner in the publishing firm of Addison & Co., and he is thus as closely identified with the commercial affairs of music as he is with its artistic pursuit. Lucas' qualifications for his important position as principal of the academy consist in his very extensive theoretical and practical knowledge of music. A sound harmonist, a good executant, having familiarity with the mechanism of almost every instrument, being greatly experienced in public performance of music of every school and style, he is a skilful teacher and an able director.—G. A. M.
LUCAS, Franciscus Brugensis, properly François Luc of Bruges, an eminent Flemish theologian, born in 1549. For the period in which he lived he had an extraordinary acquaintance with Hebrew, Chaldee, Syriac, and Greek; and he devoted a vast amount of labour to the collection of copies of the Latin Vulgate. His biblical studies were very diversified, and are not fully represented by his original publications, although numerous and important. He died at St. Omer in 1619.—B. H. C.
LUCAS, Frederick, journalist and politician, was born in Westminster in 1812 of a well-known Quaker family. He was called to the bar in 1838, and in 1839 became a Roman catholic, publishing in the same year his "Reasons for becoming a Roman Catholic," addressed to the Society of Friends. Founding, and until his death editing in very strenuous fashion, the Tablet, a vehement organ of Roman Catholicism (its place of publication was transferred in 1849 from London to Dublin), he opposed the insurrectionary schemes of his personal friends of the "Young Ireland" party, while warmly co-operating with them in their demands for such measures as tenant-right. He was for some time one of the secretaries of the Irish tenant-right league. His estimate of the high value of the political action of the Roman catholic priesthood was not approved by the ecclesiastical heads of Irish Romanism; and, like Lamennais, Mr Lucas proceeded in 1854 to Rome to invoke in behalf of his views the influence
