tions. While Frederick I. was strengthening his power in Italy, Lucius was often compelled to wander as a fugitive. The conflict between him and the emperor was increased by the choice of a bishop at Treves. A conference between them in 1184 at Verona came to no result; and Lucius increased the disturbances in the church by pronouncing sentence of excommunication on the Waldenses.—S. D.
LÜCKE, Gottfried Christian Friedrich, was born at Egeln, near Magdeburg, 24th August, 1791, and was educated at the universities of Halle and Göttingen. At Halle he derived most impulse from the teaching of Knapp, and at Göttingen from that of Planck; and under these two masters he developed an early preference for the exegetical and historical branches of theology. In 1816 he went to Berlin as privat-docent; and in the following year he published his "Grundriss des Neutestamentlichen Hermeneutik und ihrer Geschichte"—a work which marks him out as one of the founders of that modern believing school of German theology which derived its earliest inspiration from the teaching of Schleiermacher. In 1818 he was appointed professor extraordinarius in the new university of Bonn, where he continued till 1827, when he was removed to Göttingen. He had subsequent offers of chairs in six other universities, but he preferred to remain at Göttingen till the end of his days. He died there, 14th February, 1855. His principal work was his commentary on the writings of the apostle John, which appeared in successive portions between 1820 and 1832, and the several editions of which were all in part new works. He wrote also a good many occasional pieces, which were all of permanent value. One of these was on the "original form and true sense" of the famous irenical maxim, "In necessariis unitas, in dubiis libertas, in omnibus caritas." He contributed largely to the theological journals, and took a lively interest in the practical ecclesiastical questions of his age. His influence as a teacher and writer upon the evangelical churches of Germany was highly important, and that influence was all on the side of faith and the revival of christian and ecclesiastical life. His dogmatic views were materially defective, though a great improvement upon those of Schleiermacher. But his spirit and tone were quite opposed to a hard and heartless and unbelieving rationalism. His ground tone was love; his soul was in deep accord with the soul of "the disciple whom Jesus loved;" and to find "the Logos—the Word made flesh"—in the scriptures, was the one great aim of his strictly scientific and exact exegesis.—P. L.
LUCKNER, Nicolas, General, was born at Campen in Bavaria in 1722, of a noble but poor family. At an early age he entered the Prussian service, was made a colonel of hussars, and commanded a corps of light troops under Frederick the Great in the Seven Years' war. He was afterwards induced, however, by the offer of advantageous terms, to enter the French service, and was appointed a lieutenant-general. When the Revolution broke out he embraced the democratic cause, had all his pensions confirmed to him, and in 1791 received the baton of a marshal of France. When war was proclaimed between the French and the allied powers, Luckner was appointed to the command of the army of the north, and was subsequently nominated commander-in-chief. He fell under the suspicions of the revolutionary party, and was deprived of his office in 1792. Along with several other generals he was guillotined in January, 1794.—J. T.
LUCRETIA, a Roman lady of noble family and distinguished virtue, whose name is inseparably identified with the foundation of the republic. Lucretia was married to Collatinus, a relation of King Tarquin, and during her husband's temporary absence on one occasion, Sextus Tarquinius, the king's son, obtained access to her chamber, offered her violence, and placed a slave by her side to give colour to the story which he propagated of her adultery. Lucretia, upon the return of her husband, related what had happened and then stabbed herself. The vengeance of her family and her connections followed the ravisher, and the consequence was that a party headed by Brutus expelled the Tarquins, and established, a.u.c. 244, the republican and consular government.—W. C. H.
LUCRETIUS, Titus Carus, a Roman poet, was born about 99 b.c., and died, according to some, in 52 or 51; according to others, in 55 b.c. It is said that he put an end to his own existence during a fit of melancholy into which he had fallen. Others, however, say that his death was caused by a love potion. He died in the forty-fourth year of his age. There is little foundation for these tales, which seem to have been fabricated by some enemy of the Epicureans. Lucretius devoted himself almost exclusively to the study of the Epicurean philosophy; and probably went to Athens with that view, where he laid a good foundation. He is known to fame as the author of a philosophical, didactic poem, in heroic hexameters, divided into six books, and addressed to C. Memmius Gemellus, who was prætor 58 b.c. The poem is entitled "De Rerum Natura." In it the metaphysical principles of the Epicurean philosophy are unfolded with great perspicuity and skill. His object was to show that there is nothing in the condition or history of the world which does not admit of explanation, without having recourse to the interposition of the gods. He maintained that the gods lived in perpetual and absolute peace, unmoved by the passions which disturb mankind; alike indifferent to their virtues and vices. He meant to remove the apprehensions which fear of the gods produced, and thus to promote the tranquillity of the mind. The views advocated are material and atheistic; but the skill and ability with which they are set forth is great. The language is animated, lofty, dignified, noble, and musical. Never were the thoughts of an uninspired man clothed in finer verse. The materials he had to deal with were abstract and unpoetical; but he has thrown attractive colours about them, and clothed them with the charms of a sonorous and powerful diction which a master of the Latin language alone could produce. The description of human misery, and the frightful plague in Greece, are masterly specimens of the poet's power. The first edition was published at Brescia about 1470 in folio, by Thomas Fernandus. By far the best edition is that of Lachmann, with his critical commentaries, Berlin, 1850, two volumes. Metrical translations into English were published by Creech, Goode, and Busby, and into German by Knebel. De Pongerville made a French, and Marchetti an Italian version. Cardinal Melchior von Polignac published a poem in Latin in opposition to the "De Rerum Natura," entitled Anti-Lucretius, 2 vols., Paris, 1747; but it has no poetical merit.—S. D.
LUCULLUS, Lucius Licinius, a Roman of high family, was born about 115 b.c. In very early life he had the good fortune to obtain the friendship of Sulla, who employed him though young in several confidential capacities, and intrusted to him many responsible duties. He served under his patron with great distinction in the Marsian war, and was created ædile during his absence. In 74 b.c. he was elected consul, and the management of the war in Pontus was assigned to him. During his command in Asia Lucullus amassed a colossal fortune and gained some honours; but he was too severe to please the soldiers, and the popular party succeeded in supplanting him 66 b.c. After his return he abstained from mixing in public affairs, and gave himself up to luxury and the cultivation of the fine arts. He died about 48 b.c., having, it is said, survived his mental faculties. Lucullus possessed several splendid villas in different parts of Italy, and was the owner of a magnificent library, which he dedicated to the use of the learned and the amusement of the curious.—W. C. H.
LUDEN, Heinrich, a German historian of note, was born at Lockstedt, near Bremen, 10th April, 1780, and studied at Göttingen. In 1806 he became professor of history at Jena, where till his death on the 23rd May, 1847, he distinguished himself as a most efficient teacher, and a stout defender of national independence and liberty. His great work is his "History of the German Nation," in 12 vols.—K. E.
LUDLOW, Edmund, one of the principal leaders of the republican party during the great civil war, was descended from an old and wealthy family, and was born at Maiden-Bradley in Wiltshire about 1620. He was educated at Trinity college, Oxford, and then removed to London to study law. His father, Sir Henry Ludlow, member for Wiltshire in the Long parliament, having embraced the liberal cause, his son attached himself to the democratic party, and joined as a volunteer the life-guards of the earl of Essex. He fought with distinguished courage at the battle of Edgehill; commanded the force which besieged and took Wardour castle, of which he was made governor; and was subsequently taken prisoner when the castle was regained by the royalists after a siege of ten months. He was afterwards nominated high-sheriff of Wiltshire, and fought at the second battle of Newbury and various other engagements. He was chosen member for his native county in 1645, in the room of his father, and took an active part in the councils and proceedings of the republican party. He was a strenuous promoter of the expulsion of the presbyterian members by Colonel Pride;
