project was broken off by his death in the Bœotian war. He fell in a battle fought under the walls of Haliartus, 395 b.c. Lysander was both a great general and an able politician, and was free from personal corruption; but he was selfish, cunning, ambitious, vain, utterly unscrupulous, and notorious for his falsehood and perjury.—J. T.
LYSERUS, Polycarpus, otherwise called Leiser, Leyser, or Lyser, an eminent Lutheran divine, was born at Winnenden in Würtemberg, 18th March, 1552; studied at Tübingen, and entered the christian ministry in 1573. Four years later he settled at Wittenberg, where he soon after became theological professor. His modesty, amiability, and zeal speedily won for him respect and esteem. The Formula of Concord, which he was one of the first to accept, involved him in various negotiations, and he was chosen to obtain signatures to it in the diocese of Wittenberg; he was also appointed to prepare new university regulations, to revise the text of Luther's Bible, &c. The revival of Calvinism in Saxony led him to remove to Brunswick in 1586, but he subsequently returned to Wittenberg, where he died in 1610. His works are in Latin and German, and comprise expositions of scripture, a harmony of the gospels, and doctrinal and controversial dissertations.—B. H. C.
LYSIAS, one of the ten Athenian orators, was the son of Cephalus, a native of Syracuse, and was born at Athens 458 b.c. He was a person of independent means, and was intimate with Pericles and Socrates. During thirty-two years of his life he resided with his brother at Thuriuni; he returned to Athens 411 b.c., but his wealth exposed him to danger, and he was forced to escape to Megara. He died about 378 b.c. He is supposed to have left one hundred and thirty orations.—W. C. H.
LYSIMACHUS, one of the generals of Alexander the Great, and afterwards king of Thrace, was the son of Agathocles, who had been originally a serf in Sicily. At an early age he distinguished himself by his great bodily strength and undaunted courage, and ultimately rose to high rank in the Macedonian army. On the death of Alexander, 323 b.c., Thrace and the neighbouring countries, as far as the Danube, fell to the share of Lysimachus. He joined the league which was formed against Antigonus in 315 b.c. by Ptolemy Seleucus and Cassander; and in 300 b.c., in conjunction with Seleucus, gained a decisive victory at Ipsus over Antigonus, who fell in the battle, and his son Demetrius. The conquerors divided the territories of the vanquished. In 291 b.c. Lysimachus undertook an expedition against the Getæ, but was defeated and taken prisoner. He afterwards regained his liberty, and united with Ptolemy Seleucus and Pyrrhus in a league against Demetrius; and he ultimately obtained possession of the European dominions of Alexander, as well as of the greater part of Asia Minor. His wife Arsinöe, daughter of Ptolemy Soter, exercised a most baleful influence over him in his old age, and prevailed upon him to put to death Agathocles, his eldest son by a former marriage. This atrocious crime excited universal abhorrence among his subjects, and Seleucus availed himself of the favourable opportunity to invade the dominions of his rival. In a great battle fought between the two princes on the plain of Corus in Phrygia, Lysimachus was defeated and slain, 281 b.c., in his eightieth year.—J. T.
LYSIPPUS, a famous Greek sculptor or statuary in bronze in the time of Alexander the Great, was a native of Sicyon. Alexander is said to have been so pleased with a statue of him by Lysippus, that he accorded the same privilege to him that he had accorded to the celebrated painter Apelles; that is, that no other sculptor should represent him, as Apelles alone was allowed to paint him. Lysippus was quite at the height of his reputation at the time of the battle of the Granicus, 334 b.c.; an equestrian group of officers killed in that battle was among the most celebrated of his works, and he must have been then considerably advanced in age, as Pausanias mentions a work by him executed in the 103rd Olympiad, or about forty years before. His bronze statues of the gods and heroes were very numerous; among the most celebrated were colossal figures of Jupiter and Hercules at Tarentum; the latter was removed to Rome by Fabius Maximus, whence it is said to have been taken to Constantinople by Constantine. Lysippus is said to have found fault with the famous equestrian portrait of Alexander by Apelles, in which the king was represented with the lightnings of Jupiter in his hand, asserting that he should have held a lance instead; this was evidently the criticism of a sculptor who altogether overlooked the value of colour and light and shade, which the treatment of Apelles gave him a great opportunity of displaying, which the substitution of a lance would have destroyed. Lysippus is said to have forsaken the generic style of Phidias, for what we may term the naturalist. This, says Pliny, was the advice given him by the celebrated painter Eupompus of Sicyon, who said to the young sculptor, when consulted by him as to whom of his predecessors he should imitate—"Let nature be your model, not an artist," at the same time drawing his attention to the surrounding crowd, and pointing out the distinctions of individuality. Lysistratus, the brother of Lysippus, was the first artist to take plaster-casts from the human face; he, like his brother, setting more importance on truth and likeness than generic beauty. Of the several scholars of Lysippus, the most celebrated was Chares.—(Junius, Catalogus Artificum.)—R. N. W.
LYSIS, a Pythagorean philosopher of some eminence, said to have been born at Tarentum in the latter part of the fifth century b.c. The persecution of his sect in Italy took him to Thebes, where he became a teacher, and, according to Diogenes Laertius, was the instructor of Epaminondas (viii. 39). Various writings are ascribed to him by ancient authors, by whom he is frequently mentioned; but it is very uncertain whether anything of his has come down to our time. He died at Thebes, but in what year is not known.—B. H. C.
LYSONS, Daniel, M.D., an English physician of some little note in last century, and uncle to the well-known topographer of the same name. He practiced the profession of physic first at Gloucester, and afterwards at Bath, and for some time held the appointment of one of the physicians of the general hospital of the latter city, where he died in the year 1800. Dr. Lysons is the author of several medical works, which at the time when they were published were held in considerable esteem. These were—"Essay on the effects of Camphor and Calomel in Fevers," published in the year 1771; "New observations upon the effects of Camphor and Calomel," 1777; "A Practical Treatise on Intermittent Fevers, Dropsies, Liver Diseases, Epilepsy, Colic, Dysentery; and on the effects of Calomel," 1783.—W. B—d.
LYSONS, Samuel, a zealous antiquary and local historian, was born at Rodmarton, near Cirencester, 17th May, 1763, his father being rector of the parish. Educated first at Bath he proceeded to the study of the law, and was entered at the Inner temple in 1784. Practising as a special pleader for several years he was not called to the bar till 1798. Researches into the history and antiquities of his country gradually drew him away from his profession, which he at length abandoned entirely in order to follow his favourite pursuit. On the death of Mr. Astle in 1803, Mr. Lysons was appointed keeper of the records in the Tower, and introduced various improvements in the management of that important office. He published "The Antiquities of Gloucestershire," for which he etched the plates himself; "Roman remains at Woodchester;" "Roman antiquities of Great Britain." In 1806 he began the publication of "Magna Britannia," in the authorship of which Mr. Lysons co-operated with his brother the Rev. Daniel Lysons. This great scheme of writing a history of all the counties of England was cut short by the death of Lysons at Cirencester, June 29, 1819.—R. H.
LYTE, Henry, an English botanist, was born in 1529, and died in 1607 at the age of seventy-eight. He belonged to an ancient family at Lytes-Carey in Somersetshire. About the year 1546 he became a student at Oxford; afterwards he travelled and made collections of plants. He was the next after Turner who published an English herbal. The first edition was printed at Antwerp in black-letter, and was entitled "A Newe Herball, or historie of plantes," &c. The work is a translation of the French version of Dodoen's Herbal, and is dedicated to Queen Elizabeth. He describes one thousand and fifty species, of which eight hundred and seventy are figured. Lyte did not add much to English botany, and does not appear to have discovered any new native species. He was well acquainted, however, with all the common plants, and he gave many new localities for the rarer species.—J. H. B.
LYTTELTON, George, Lord, an English statesman, historian, and writer, was born in 1709. He was descended from the celebrated Judge Lyttelton, and was the eldest son of Sir Thomas Lyttelton, who took a prominent part on the whig side in the debates in the house of commons at the Revolution of 1688. Young Lyttelton was educated at Eton and Christ church, Oxford, where his promising talents and classical attainments gained him a high reputation. In 1728 he visited France
