military subordination." His later years were a battle between literary enthusiasm, on the one hand, and want and disease on the other. Mr. D'Israeli, who visited him at this period, says—"Often the day cheerfully passed without its meal, but never without its page." In this state he composed his "Lives of British Statesmen"—More, Burleigh, Stratford, and Hyde—marked by original thought and research, and published in 1807. He died of paralysis in 1808.—F. E.
MACDONALD, Flora, a Highland lady, whose memory has been preserved by her courage and devotedness in promoting the escape of Prince Charles Stewart, was the daughter of Macdonald of South Uist, and was born about the year 1720. Her father died when she was young; and her mother having married Macdonald of Armadale, Flora spent her youthful years in the house of her stepfather in the remote and rugged Isle of Skye. After the battle of Culloden, Prince Charles found a refuge in South Uist; but his enemies having formed some suspicion of his retreat, the island was suddenly beset with parties by sea and land, and after several hairbreadth escapes it became evident that his only hope of finally evading discovery lay in his getting away from South Uist. Flora was at this time paying a visit to her brother, who resided in that island, and she was prevailed upon to convey the prince to Skye in the character and dress of an Irish female servant. By dint of great courage, prudence, and presence of mind, and with the assistance of Lady Macdonald and Macdonald of Kingsburgh, she accomplished this difficult exploit at no small personal risk, and thus at a very critical moment contributed most important aid to the final escape of the poor prince. Flora was afterwards arrested and sent to London, but was included in the act of indemnity passed in 1747, and was allowed to return home loaded with presents from the jacobites of the capital, who raised a subscription for her to the amount of £1500. In 1750 she married young Macdonald of Kingsburgh; but the worthy couple afterwards emigrated to America, and settled in North Carolina. When the war of independence broke out, Mr. Macdonald espoused the cause of the mother country, and suffered severe losses on account of his loyalty. He and his wife ultimately returned to Skye and ended their lives there. Flora died in 1790, and was buried at Kilmun, in a shroud made of part of the sheets in which the prince had slept at Kingsburgh.—J. T.
MACDONALD, Etienne Jacques Joseph Alexander, Duke of Tarentum, marshal of France, descended from a Scotch family which had followed the exiled James II. to France, was born at Sancerre (Berry), 17th November, 1765, and died in 1831. Entering an Irish regiment at the age of nineteen, he gained his first laurels at the battle of Jemappes in 1792, shortly after which engagement he was made a colonel. In 1795 he served under the command of Pichegru in Holland as general of brigade, and in consequence of his exploit of capturing the Dutch fleet by passing the Wahl on the ice, was made general of division in the following year. In 1798 he was sent to Italy, and after serving for some time under Berthier in the Roman states, he succeeded Championnet in the command of Naples. The following year, with a much inferior force, he gallantly baffled for three days Suwarrow's attempts to cross the Trebia. At Wagram Napoleon created him a marshal on the field of battle. In 1812 he commanded the 10th corps in the Russian campaign. He fought at Lutzen, Bautzen, and Leipsic, and during the campaign of 1814 he commanded the left wing of the army. At Fontainebleau he counselled the emperor to abdicate, and received from him the sabre which Murad Bey had presented to Bonaparte in Egypt. After the fall of the empire Macdonald was nominated a member of the chamber of peers, and in 1816 he was made grand chancellor of the legion of honour.
* MACDONALD, Laurence, an eminent sculptor, is by birth a Scot, but has for many years resided in Rome. He received his early artistic training in Scotland, and was afterwards a pupil in the Royal Academy, London; but it was in Rome that he formed his style. He is a thorough classicist in feeling and taste. After Mr. Gibson he ranks at the head of the British artists resident in Rome; and his works, his busts especially, are in great request. He has executed several excellent classic groups, including the well-known "Achilles and Thetis;" but his imaginative works are more commonly single figures, such as the heroic-sized statue of "Ulysses," executed for Sir Arthur Brooke; "Hyacinthus;" "Eurydice;" "Arethusa," &c., very refined in expression, admirable in pose, and gracefully draped. His portrait-statues and busts while "classic" in style, are considered to be successful in the likeness. Those of Professor Wilson, Charles Kemble, and other public men, are well known; but his busts of females are more admired.—J. T—e.
* MACDOWELL, Patrick, R.A., was born, August 12, 1799, at Belfast in Ireland. His father, a tradesman in that town, failed in business, and died whilst the child was still an infant. The future sculptor owed the first cultivation of his taste for art to the circumstance of his being sent to a boarding-school kept by a Mr. Gordon, an engraver, who detected and encouraged the boy's fondness for drawing. Young MacDowell was at this school from his eighth to his twelfth year, during most of which time his evenings were spent in copying prints lent him by his kind master. His mother having brought him to England, he was at the age of fourteen apprenticed to a coachmaker, who, when he had been with him about four and a half years, became a bankrupt. Mr. MacDowell now took lodgings in the house of a French sculptor named Chenu, watched him at work, and at spare hours imitated his methods. In no long time he thus taught himself to model, and subsequently to carve; and he soon found purchasers at moderate prices for small models. Having had his attention called to the advertisements for a statue of Major Cartwright, he was induced to compete. His model was accepted; but the funds subscribed proving insufficient, the statue was not executed. It was, however, the means of introducing him to the family of Major Cartwright, through whose interest he received some commissions for busts, and he now fairly started on his career as a sculptor. His first poetic piece was a small group from Moore's Loves of the Angels. A life-size figure of a "Girl Reading," exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1838, was very generally admired. The sculptor received a commission from Mr. T. W. Beaumont to execute in marble his model of the "Girl Reading," and two large groups. Almost immediately afterwards the earl of Ellesmere offered him a commission for a replica in marble of the "Girl Reading." Another zealous and liberal patron at this time was Sir J. Emerson Tennant. The hitherto unknown and self-taught sculptor had in fact at a bound taken his place among the foremost men of his profession, and his talents met on all hands with help and cheerful recognition. He was in 1841 elected associate, and in 1846 full member, of the Royal Academy. As has been seen, Mr. MacDowell made his first appearance before the public with an original conception—the "Girl Reading." Later he executed, in the manner of most sculptors, various single figures and groups from the stock subjects of classical mythology. But the greater number of his imaginative works have been illustrative of passages from our native poets, or of simple original themes; and these have been always the most popular and usually the most successful. As is commonly the case with our sculptors, however, Mr. MacDowell's time has been increasingly occupied in carving portrait statues and busts. He has executed comparatively few public memorials—the principal being "Viscount Exmouth," for Greenwich hospital, and the statues of "Lord Chatham" and "William Pitt," for St. Stephen's hall; a bronze statue of the "Earl of Belfast," for his native city; and the memorial to "Viscount Fitzgibbon and his comrades, natives of Limerick county, who fell at Balaklava." Among his chief imaginative works, besides those above mentioned and various Cupids, Psyches, and Satyrs, are the popular "Early Sorrow," 1847; "Virginius," 1847; "Eve," 1849; the "Slumbering Student," 1851; "Love in Idleness," 1852; and "The Day Dream," 1858.—J. T—e.
MACEDONIUS, elected patriarch of Constantinople, by the influence of the Arian party, in 341 or 342; held that office till 348; and afterwards from 350 till 360, when he was condemned by the council of Constantinople. Being a semi-Arian, he held the Son to be of like substance (ὁμοιουσιους) with the Father; and after his deposition he taught that the Holy Spirit was only a creature.—D. W. R.
M'FADYEN, James, physician and botanist, was born in Glasgow on 3d May, 1799. His father, John M'Fadyen, was a native of Islay, and for a long period in the beginning of the present century, kept the principal music shop in Glasgow. He very soon evinced a great fondness for literature, and the pursuit of natural science. He passed through the curriculum of the college of Glasgow, where, after taking his degree for the medical profession, he commenced business as a surgeon, and gradually obtained a respectable practice. In 1822 the Mechanics' Insti-
