and present themselves on every side—our arts, agriculture, and literature, and all that has contributed to the best interests of Irish civilization are stamped with honourable recollections of Dr. Madden." He died 30th December, 1765.—J. F. W.
MADERNO, Carlo, a celebrated Italian architect, was born at Bissone in Como in 1556. After practising for some time at Rome as a worker in ornamental stucco, an art then much in vogue, he was led by the example of his relative Domenico Fontana to the study of the principles of architecture. The earliest buildings erected by him were the churches of S. Giacomo degl' Incurabili; the cupola of S. Giovanni dei Fiorentini; and the façade of S. Susanna—all of which were characterized rather by architectural incongruities and superfluous ornament, than by good taste. These works were, however, greatly admired, and Maderno was appointed architect to the Vatican by Pope Paul V., and intrusted with the completion of St. Peter's. Of this magnificent edifice, the plan as originally designed was that of a Greek cross, and three arms of the cross, with the lofty cupola, were at this time completed Maderno altered the plan into that of a Latin cross by lengthening the unfinished or eastern arm, thereby injuring the proportions and, as a consequence, the effect of the whole. The eastern or entrance facade and portico of St. Peter's, Maderno's principal work, gained him a high reputation; he was employed or consulted on all buildings of any consequence in Rome, and his advice was sought by foreign princes. Among other works of importance, he finished the palace of Monte Cavallo and that of the Borghese, modernized the Strozzi and Lancellotti palaces, and commenced that of the Barberini. All of them are disfigured by eccentricities and extravagances, which clearly prefigure the decline of the renaissance style. The best of his palaces was that of the Mattel, sometimes attributed to Borromini. His principal churches were those of Vittoria, of S. Lucia in Selce, of S. Chiara, and the choir and cupola of S. Andrea della Valle. He was also employed in inspecting the ports and fortresses of the papal states. He died in 1629.—J. T—e.
MADISON, James, fourth president of the United States, was born in Virginia in 1751. He was intended for the bar, but deserted law for politics when the Americans began their struggle for independence, and does not seem to have ever followed any profession. A zealous asserter of the rights of the colonists, he became a member of the Virginian legislature; in 1780, of congress; and in 1787 of the convention which framed the constitution of the United States. In this last body he was very prominent, and his share in framing the constitution was considerable. At this time he was a decided federalist, and wrote about a third of the celebrated papers afterwards known as the "Federalist" (see Hamilton, Alexander), in which the new constitution was supported and recommended. Subsequently, in his case, the influence of Jefferson superseded that of Hamilton. In the absence of its original author, it was Madison who successfully fought the battle in Virginia of Jefferson's bill for the establishment of so-called religious freedom, by which all endowments for religious purposes were abolished in their native state. Afterwards (1798) he headed the opposition in the Virginian legislature to the alien and sedition laws of the administration, defending "state-rights" from what he alleged to be the encroachments of congress. When Jefferson was elected president in 1801, he accordingly appointed Madison his secretary of state; and at the close of Jefferson's second presidency Madison was chosen his successor. Although the inheritor of Jefferson's general policy, Madison seems to have entered on the presidency in a milder spirit than that of his predecessor. In conducting continued discussions with France and England on the rights of neutrals, in which he had already taken an active part as secretary of state, he was not indisposed to be conciliatory, and on assuming power he substituted a non-intercourse for the rigid embargo policy of Jefferson. When, after frequent collisions between the ships of the two countries, Madison at last recommended to congress the declaration of war with England, which it voted on the 18th of June, 1812, he is said to have been himself in favour of peace, and to have been induced to take that course by a pressure from without, and by menaces of a withdrawal of support at the coming presidential election. He was rewarded by being elected in 1813 president for a second term. During the war he displayed considerable energy in organizing and employing the resources of the states; but when the contest was closed by the treaty of Ghent, 24th December, 1814, one of the chief questions which had produced the war was still left unsettled—namely, whether England was entitled to take by force out of American vessels seamen who had deserted from the navy, and who by an easy process had converted themselves into American citizens nominally. At the expiry of his second presidential term, Madison retired from active public life, and died in his eighty-sixth year in the June of 1836. His "Papers," purchased and published by congress, appeared in 1841: they contain his contemporary diary of the debates in the important convention of 1787, by which the constitution of the United States was framed. An extremely favourable view of his character and policy is taken in the Life of Madison, written by Mr. John Quincy Adams in 1836, at the request of congress (Rochester, U.S., 1860).—F. E.
MADOG, one of the traditionary discoverers of the continent of America, was the son of Owain Gwynedd, prince of North Wales. To escape from a scene of intestine war, he and his brother collected a few ships in 1170 and sailed westward. Leaving Ireland far to the north they came to an unknown country, where they saw many strange things. Madog returned home with tempting accounts of the fertile regions he had discovered, and in 1172, sailing again to the west with three hundred men in ten ships, he was never heard of more. On this slender foundation poets have erected the story of the first discovery of America by the Welsh. Mr. Catlin, in his book on North American Indians, even asserts that he has found the descendants of these first emigrants in a peaceable tribe called the Mandans.—R. H.
MADOX or MADDOX, Isaac, born in London in 1697, of poor parents who died when he was a boy, and educated by an aunt at a charity-school, was in 1736 appointed to the bishopric of St. Asaph's, and transferred to that of Worcester in 1743. In defence of the Church of England, he published a "Review of Neal's History of the Puritans." Died in 1739.—D. W. R.
MADOX, Thomas, was an historical antiquary of great industry, whose publications belong to the first quarter of the eighteenth century. He is supposed to have been a barrister and a member of the Middle temple, from which he dates the prefatory epistles of his works. In 1702 appeared his "Formulare Anglicanum," a selection of charters and legal instruments, from the Norman conquest to the reign of King John, arranged in classes, and preceded by a very useful dissertation. The work is dedicated to Lord Somers, whose encouragement in the performance of the task is thankfully acknowledged by the author. The charters, &c., published were selected from a vast mass, says Madox, "in the repository of the late court of augmentations." In 1711 was published his well-known work, "The History and Antiquities of the Exchequer, from the Norman conquest to the close of the reign of King John," a wonderful monument of patient research. The work scarcely paid its expenses; and in a letter in the Bodleian, Madox is heard saying, after its publication, "This affair has given me much perplexity, and perfectly cured me of scribbling." In 1726 appeared, nevertheless, his "Firma Burgi," an essay on the cities, towns, and boroughs of England, based upon the researches in the records, and full of information on the history of municipal rights and liabilities. 1726 seems to have been the year of Madox's death; at least we find Mr. Stephens, the editor of Lord Bacon's Letters and Remains, appointed in 1726 his successor in the office of historiographer royal, which he had previously and appropriately held. His posthumous "Baronia Anglica, a history of land-honours, baronies, and tenures in capite," was published in 1736. Madox seems to have contemplated a history of the feudal law in England, forty volumes of collections for which were among the MSS. bequeathed by his widow to the British museum. He was one of the earliest members of the Society of Antiquaries.—F. E.
MADOZ, Pascual, a Spanish statesman, was born in 1806 and educated at the university of Salamanca, from whence he was expelled for alleged jansenite opinions, and for a time took refuge in France. On the accession of Maria Cristina he went to Barcelona and edited an opposition journal, the Catalano. In 1835 he was called to the bar of Barcelona, and in the same year took an active part, at the head of a battalion of militia, against the Carlists. In 1843 he was foremost in the revolt which led to the fall of Espartero, and in 1844 he suffered a short imprisonment in consequence of these events. After the revolution of 1854 he was named governor of Barcelona. Resuming his place in the cortes, he soon became the chief of the progresista party, and was elected president. On the 21st January, 1855, he
