as chief of the staff, Moltke's first important task was to form a plan of operations for the intervention of Prussia in the Franco-Austrian war of 1859 in Italy. The peace of Villafranca obviated the necessity of intervention, but Moltke, in preparing for the effort, had seen defects in the Prussian army that needed absolute cure. The decay of Prussia in importance abroad must be counteracted by a development of her military force at home. In 1864 the newly organized army was put to the proof in the Danish campaign, throughout which Moltke accompanied Prince Friedrich Karl, the commander. Immediately afterwards, preparations were made for the imminent collision with Austria—made with so much care, boldness, and foresight, that the short campaign of 1866 resulted in the victory of Sadowa and the peace of Prague. When the armistice of Nikolsburg was agreed to, the king of Prussia bestowed his highest order, the Black Eagle, upon his illustrious general. Moltke possessed the king's confidence completely, and disposed of the troops in action free of royal control. A general having applied to the king for reinforcements was pleasantly told to "ask him there," pointing to Moltke; "he wants them all; I don't know if he will let me have my body guard for long." The great game was not over. Four years more of patient earnest study of France and the French prepared for the mighty conflict with that country which took place in 1870, and ended so disastrously for the latter country in 1871. From Spicheren to Paris it was one series of triumphs for the Prussians and their great commander, who carries on war in a manner purely scientific, wholly devoid of passion, or of political or personal feeling. All possible aids that he can think of are brought in as auxiliaries to victory—needle-guns, rifled artillery, telegraph wires, railways, all the appliances of modern science, especially an accurate topographical knowledge, both in himself and his subordinates, of the scene of war. The silent old soldier, soon after the conclusion of the Franco-Prussian war, paid a visit to Russia, where he was received with all honour. His observations on the military condition of that powerful neighbour would receive due attention from his own government, and if ever they are published will be of the highest interest to the world at large.—R. H.
MOLYNEUX, William, an Irish man of science, was born in Dublin in 1656, and died there on the 11th of October, 1698. He studied at the university of Dublin and at the Middle temple. In 1683 he founded in Dublin a scientific society on the model of the Royal Society of London. It was dissolved during the revolutionary war of 1688, but may be regarded as the precursor of the present Royal Irish Academy. From 1689 to 1692 Molyneux lived in England, and devoted himself to scientific studies: he wrote a treatise on dioptrics, long considered a standard work on that subject. In 1692 he returned to Dublin, and was elected one of its representatives in the Irish parliament; from 1695 till his death he was member for the university of Dublin. He exerted himself to promote manufactures in Ireland, and the removal of restrictive laws.—W. J. M. R.
MONBODDO. See Burnett.
MONCALVO. See Caccia.
MONCEY, Bon Adrien Jeannot de, Duke of Conegliano, Marshal of France, was born at Besançon on the 31st July, 1754, and died at Paris on the 20th April, 1842. In youth he enlisted twice against the wishes of his friends, and twice his discharge was purchased. Nothing, however, could overcome his military tastes, and a third time he joined the ranks. He soon gained promotion, was made captain, and on the breaking out of the Revolution was appointed to command a battalion. His services almost immediately gained him the rank of general. He then served in Spain, and with so much satisfaction to his government that Napoleon selected him to lead one division of the army into Italy, while he himself led the other. After the battle of Marengo he returned to Paris, and became inspector-general of gendarmerie. In 1814 he was named second in command of the national guard of Paris. It was to him that Napoleon committed the care of the empress and the king of Rome. When General Marmont surrendered Paris, Moncey marched his corps to Fontainebleau, but gave in his adhesion to the Restoration. On Napoleon's return Moncey did not resist the emperor's offer of a peerage; but on the second return of the Bourbons his patent of nobility was cancelled. He was named president of the council of war appointed to try Marshal Ney; but with great dignity and good taste positively declined to have any concern in proceedings against his companion in arms. For this refusal he was deprived of all his offices, and even imprisoned at Ham. His well-known probity, however, induced Louis XVIII. to liberate and restore him; after which he served in Spain, and latterly was governor of the Invalides at Paris. At his death he left a large sum to found a christian school in the commune of Moncey.
MONCRIEFF, Sir Henry Wellwood, Bart, D.D., an eminent and influential Scottish divine, descended from an ancient family, settled in Scotland in the twelfth century, was born in 1750. His father. Sir William Moncrieff, was minister of the parish of Blackford in Perthshire, and Henry at an early age made choice of the same profession. He prosecuted his studies, first at the university of Glasgow, and afterwards at Edinburgh. His career at college was one of great brilliancy and promise, and in 1771 he was ordained minister of his native parish; his father having died before Sir Henry had completed his curriculum. His talents and learning soon attracted attention, and in 1775 he was appointed minister of the parish of St. Cuthbert in the city of Edinburgh. The moderate party was then dominant in the Scottish church, as toryism was rampant in the state; but Sir Henry, who was a zealous whig in politics, disregarding all considerations of self-interest and secular rank, attached himself to the evangelical party, and was soon recognized as its leader. "In matters not factious," says Lord Cockburn, "Sir Henry throughout most of his life was the oracle of the whole church." He devoted himself with unflinching resolution to the noble work of freeing the establishment from all the barriers which hindered its spiritual progress, and laboured with unwearied assiduity to promote the welfare of his people and the public good, to relieve suffering, and to encourage merit. His writings are comparatively feeble; but he was a powerful speaker, especially in church courts, where his clear statement of his views and his vigorous reasoning made him a most formidable antagonist. He died in 1827 in the seventy-seventh year of his age Lord Cockburn, who knew Sir Henry well, says "he was one of the most remarkable and admirable men of his age. The prominent qualities of his mind were strong integrity and nervous sense. There never was a sounder understanding. Many men were more learned, many more cultivated, and some more able. But who could match him in sagacity and mental force? Had he not preferred his church to every other object, there was no public honour to which he might not have fought his way." Sir Henry wrote a "Life of Dr. John Erskine;" and three volumes of his sermons, with a brief memoir by his son, were published after his death.—J. T.
MONCRIEFF, Sir James Wellwood, Bart., a distinguished Scottish lawyer and judge, was the eldest son of the preceding, and was born in 1776. After completing his education at Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Oxford, he was admitted to practise at the bar in 1799. He applied himself assiduously to the study and pursuit of his profession, and ultimately attained the highest rank as a profound lawyer and a most laborious and conscientious counsel. In 1807 he was appointed sheriff-depute of the shires of Clackmannan and Kinross, and in 1826, in spite of his whig politics, he was chosen dean or official head of the faculty of advocates—a well-merited tribute to his professional eminence and high character. He was elevated to the bench, and also appointed a lord of justiciary in 1829, and died in 1851. Lord Moncrieff was distinguished by his unconquerable energy and vigorous argumentative powers, rather than by breadth of mind or extensive literary culture. His sound judgment, remarkable power of reasoning, extensive legal knowledge, and strict conscientiousness, made him the best working counsel of his day, and gave great weight to his decisions as a judge. "Everything was a matter of duty with him," says Lord Cockburn, "and therefore he gave his whole soul to it. Jeffrey called him 'the whole duty of man.' A truer friend, a more upright judge, or a more affectionate man, could not be." He inherited his father's attachment to the evangelical party, and took a prominent part in guiding the counsels of the established church during a very critical period of its history. "It was a sad day to him when he thought it his duty to renounce that community, and to adhere to what he thought its ancient and genuine principles in the Free Church."—J. T.
MONDIN. See Mundinus.
MONGAULT, Nicolas Hubert de, was born at Paris in 1674. He became preceptor to the Duke de Chartres, son of the Regent Orleans, whose influence obtained for him several offices under government. Elected to the Academy in 1718, he died at
