lished at Frankfort in 1584. It was reprinted with five epistles by the same author in the Theatrum Chemicum in 1602. The Apology and Epistles display learning and a keen power of argument. But that Mouffet was not a bigoted follower of Paracelsus and others of the early chemical sect, who allowed little or no value to the writings of the ancients, is proved by his work "Nosomantica Hippocratica, sive Hippocratis Prognostica cuncta, ex omnibus ipsius scriptis, methodicè digesta," which appeared in 1588. His last medical treatise is entitled "Health's Improvement; or rules comprising and discovering the nature, method, and manner of preparing all sorts of food used in this nation." It is interesting for the curious information it affords as to the diet and culinary art of the period. But the book on which Mouffet's reputation chiefly depends is the "Insectorum sive Minimorum Animalium Theatrum." This work, which cost him great labour and expense, he left in manuscript. It was published in 1634 by Sir Theodore Mayerne, who complains that he found great difficulty in getting a printer to undertake it. It was translated into English in 1658. For the time it appeared it was a work of great merit. Haller assigns to its author a place above all the entomologists who preceded Swammerdam. Mouffet spent the latter years of his life at Bulbridge, near Wilton, in Wiltshire, under the protection of the Pembroke family, from whom he received an annual pension. He died about the close of the reign of Elizabeth.—F. C. W.
MOULIN, Louis du, younger brother of Pierre du, born at Paris about 1603; studied at Leyden, where he took the degree of M.D.; and subsequently came to England—connecting himself by his degree with Cambridge in 1634, and with Oxford in 1649. At the latter university he was Camden professor of history during the Commonwealth. He died in 1680.
MOULIN or MOLINEUS, Pierre du, an eminent divine of the protestant church of France, was born on the 18th October, 1568, in the chateau of Buhl, where his father, a protestant minister, had found an asylum from persecution under the protection of Du Plessis Mornay. He studied at Sedan, and afterwards for four years in England. He filled the chair of philosophy at Leyden for several years with much distinction, and in 1599 returned to France to occupy the important charge of the Reformed church of Charenton, near Paris, where he was also made chaplain to the protestant princess, Catherine of Bourbon. He was a zealous and able preacher, and the vigour and violence of his polemics against Rome often exposed him, during the twenty-two years he was at the head of the church of Charenton, to the fury of the populace. He was as strict a Calvinist as he was an uncompromising protestant, and was deputed by the Reformed church of France to attend the synod of Dort. The formal prohibition of Louis XIII. prevented his attendance, but he compensated for the disappointment by the zeal with which he promulgated and defended the decrees of the synod, and by obtaining for them the sanction of the national synods of the protestant church of France. In 1615 he made a second visit to England, and drew up there at the request of James I. a plan for the union of the protestant churches, which Blondel has inserted in his Actes Antiques. In 1626 he was moderator of the synod of Alais, and soon after was appointed to a theological chair at Sedan, which he continued to occupy till his death. In that position he became the chief and most influential opponent of the doctrines of Amyraud and the other professors of the rival college of Saumur, which were regarded as a kind of semi-arminianism. These he never ceased to denounce as heresy of the worst type, "changing the nature of God, and of both law and gospel." He died on the 10th of March, 1658, at the age of ninety, having retained full possession of his faculties, and been engaged in public labours till the last. He is characterized by Mons. Puaux in his History of the French Reformation, "as one of the greatest writers and the first polemic of his age. No writer down to the present time has surpassed him in the art of confounding the controversialists of Rome. He goes right to the question, and never quits it till he has exhausted it, and uses with equal advantage the weapons of scripture, of reason, and of history, to show the nullity of the dogmas of Trent." His works, sixty-five in number, are enumerated in the Synodes des Eglises Reformées de France, by Aymon. The most important of them are—"Nouveauté du Papisme opposée à l'antiquité du Christianisme," Sedan, 1627, fol. (this work was composed by request of James I.); "Anatomie de la Messe," Leyden, 1638; "Eclaircissements des Controverses Salmuriennes, ou Défense de la doctrine des Eglises Reformées," 1649. In this work he opposed himself to the doctrinal innovations introduced by Amyraud and other professors of Saumur.—P. L.
* MOULTRIE, John, a minor poet of some distinction, born about the beginning of the century, was educated at Eton and Trinity college, Cambridge. Mr. Moultrie was, when young, a member of the circle of which the late W. M. Praed was the centre, and contributed to Knight's Quarterly Magazine. Entering the church of England, he was appointed rector of Rugby in 1825. In 1837 he published a volume of "Poems," which, by their pensive sweetness, attracted some attention. They reached a third edition in 1852. Besides other poems, Mr. Moultrie has published, with an interesting memoir of the author, "The Poetical Remains of William Sidney Walker," his early, gifted, and ill-fated friend.—F. E.
MOUNIER, Jean Joseph, one of the most distinguished members of the states general in 1789, was born at Grenoble on the 12th November, 1758, and died on the 26th January, 1806. He at first attempted to enter the army; but finding the military career closed by the aristocratic prejudices of the age, he turned to law, for which his talents were probably better suited. In 1779 he was received advocate before the parliament of Grenoble, and at the age of twenty-five was made judge-royal; the jurisdiction of Grenoble at that time being divided between the crown and the bishop. During six years that he held office, only one case of appeal was taken from his court. In 1788 before the states general met at Versailles, the states general of Dauphine met at Grenoble, and many of the most important questions were there discussed—among others, the mode in which the three orders of clergy, nobles, and commoners were to vote. Almost all that afterwards took place in forming a constitution for France, was figured out at Grenoble; so much so, that at the beginning of 1789 it was said that "Dauphiny rules France, and Mounier rules Dauphiny." Mounier, in fact, was the first and most conspicuous advocate of legal and official equity; and when the states general of that kingdom were convoked, he was elected unanimously as member. In that assembly he conducted himself with moderation and discretion—firmly attached to liberty, but not willing to favour revolution. He foresaw the coming anarchy, and to the best of his power combated its approach. On the 28th September he was chosen president of the national assembly, and behaved with consummate courage in his trying position. Seeing all his efforts vain he retired to Grenoble in January, 1790, then to Savoy, then to Geneva, and then to England, where he was offered a judgeship in Canada but did not accept it. In 1802 he returned to France, and was made prefect of a department, and afterwards councillor of state. The principles he advocated from the first were those established in the reign of Louis Philippe. While in Switzerland he published an important work, "Recherches sur les Causes qui ont empeché les Français de devenir fibres."—P. E. D.
MOUNTAGU or MONTAGUE, Richard, born in 1578 at Dorney in Buckinghamshire, the son of a vicar, was educated at Eton, and at King's college, Cambridge. After holding various minor preferments and becoming fellow of Eton college, he was appointed rector of Stanford-Rivers in Essex in 1613. In 1615, by request of his majesty to whom he was chaplain, he began to prepare his animadversions upon the Annals of Baronius. He had previously distinguished himself as an editor of the Greek fathers. Dean and then archdeacon of Hereford, canon of Windsor, he became bishop of Chichester in 1628, notwithstanding the fact that he was then under the censure of the house of commons for teaching popish and Arminian doctrines. He was translated to Ely in 1638, and died in 1641.
MOUNTFORT, William, an actor and dramatist, born in 1649, is remembered chiefly for the circumstances which attended his death. He was a handsome man; a popular actor, both in tragedy and comedy; and frequently played with the beautiful, fascinating, and charitable Mrs. Bracegirdle. A Captain Hill, whom she had rejected, fancied that her affections were fixed on Mountfort—a suspicion seemingly causeless. After an unsuccessful attempt, in which Hill was aided by Lord Mohun (who fell in 1712 in a duel with the duke of Hamilton), to carry off Mrs. Bracegirdle by force on the night of the 7th of December, 1692, they lay in wait for Mountfort, who lived near the actress. According to one account Hill and Mountfort fought; according to another, before Mountfort had time to draw he was run
