task. He said that victory was the only reply. His army was only twelve thousand strong, and this on the night of the 19th March, 1800, he formed into four squares, with the cavalry in the intervals, and the artillery at the angles. The grand vizier was in command of forty thousand men, who expected to ride over the French, while the people of Cairo were waiting to aid the demolition of the invaders. The squares had been formed by moonlight, and in silence marched across the plain of Heliopolis. The Turkish vanguard occupied the village of Matarieh, and the first object was to cut it off. The Turks fought with desperation, but the squares were too well disciplined to afford an opening to cavalry. The battle became general; the whole of the Turkish cavalry advanced and surrounded the compact squares, riding up to the muzzles of the guns, and falling in a line of dead outside the ceaseless volleys that poured from the French musketry. The Turks were routed—their baggage and munitions captured. Kleber advanced immediately on Cairo, which was taken by assault, and in the course of a few weeks all opposition was at an end, a new convention agreed upon, and the French were once more masters of Egypt. Kleber it would seem had formed plans to establish a civil administration, and to take native troops into the French service. He meant, probably, to occupy the country and attach it to France. But whatever his plans, time was not accorded to him for their accomplishment. A scheme was formed to assassinate him, and was carried out by a young fanatic from Aleppo, called Suliman, who had vowed to get rid of the christian chief. Walking in his garden on the 14th June, 1800, with the architect Protain, Kleber was addressed by Suliman as a suppliant, and while listening to him the miscreant drew a dagger, and plunged it several times into the general with fatal effect. The wretch was impaled, according to eastern custom; and three chiefs discovered to be in the plot were beheaded. Kleber was not only a man of superior talents, but, as times went, of virtue and humanity. Napoleon considered him one of his best generals, and said of him—"Nothing can be finer than Kleber in the field of battle." In France an opinion has often been entertained, that if he had survived he would have been one of the first men in the country.—P. E. D.
KLEIN, Jakob Theodor, a German naturalist, born at Königsberg in 1685. He was a laborious collector and voluminous writer, his works embracing almost all departments of natural history. His collection was perhaps the richest that had up to his time ever been seen in the north of Europe, and his works may still be consulted with advantage. Died at Dantzic in 1759.—W. B—d.
* KLEIN, Johann Adam, German painter and engraver, was born at Nuremberg, November 24, 1792. He studied under the landscape painter Bemmel, and the engraver A. Gabler; also in the academy of Vienna, besides making several sketching tours in Styria, Hungary, Poland, and along the Rhine. In 1819 he went to Rome, through the aid of Ludwig, afterwards king of Bavaria. After staying in Italy about three years he returned to Nuremberg, and soon attained great and well-merited popularity by his paintings of scenes of military life, landscapes, market-waggons with peasants, and other pictures, in which horses formed a principal object. Herr Klein is also a very able engraver; his prints, chiefly from his own designs, are very numerous.—J. T—e.
KLEIST, Ewald Christian von, a distinguished German poet, was born of an old noble family at Zeblin, near Köslin, Pomerania, on the 3rd of March, 1715. He was educated at Dantzic and Königsberg, where he devoted himself to the study of literature and law. In 1736 he entered the Danish army, but soon after resigned and obtained a lieutenancy from Frederick the Great, for whom he entertained the highest admiration. This admiration alone seems to have reconciled him to his otherwise uncongenial profession. Kleist served in the Seven Years' war, and was mortally wounded by a cartridge ball in the battle of Kunersdorf. After having lain during the whole night on the battle-field with his wound undressed, he was brought by a Russian officer to Frankfort, where he died on the 24th August, 1759. His poetry is pervaded by a kind of sentimental melancholy, produced chiefly by an unhappy passion. Nevertheless, his "Spring," 1749, had an almost unparalleled success, and shows descriptive powers of the highest order. Although written in imitation of Thomson's Seasons, it is the work of an original genius, and marks a decided progress in German poetry. Kleist's poetical works were edited by Ramler in 1760, and, after the original MSS., by W. Körte in 1803.—(See Fr. Nicolai Kleist's Ehrengedächtniss, 1760.)—K. E.
KLEIST, Ewald Georg von, the first discoverer of the apparatus commonly known, from the locality of its second discovery, as the Leyden jar, was the son of a Pomeranian landowner. He was born about the beginning of the eighteenth century, studied at Leyden, was dean of the cathedral of Camin in Pomerania from 1722 to 1747, and was then made president of the court of justice at Coslin, where he died, December 11, 1748. His important discovery was made accidentally on the 11th October, 1745, and therefore preceded by some months the rediscovery of the same method of accumulating electricity by M. Cuneus of Leyden.—G. BL.
KLEIST, Heinrich von, a celebrated German dramatist, was born at Frankfort-on-the-Oder on the 10th October, 1776; and while yet a mere youth, served in the Prussian army against the French republic. Resigning his commission on the restoration of peace, he completed his education in the university of his native town and entered the civil service. After the defeat of the Pussians at Jena, he fled to Königsberg, and on his return to Berlin was arrested by the French and dragged through various prisons in the south of France. After his release he settled at Dresden. His mind, however, became more and more clouded, and his distraction was increased so much by his being prevented from fighting against the French in 1809, that he had a lady friend, Mrs. Vogel of Berlin, destroyed each other, November 21, 1811. Kleist's dramas are the productions of a rich and powerful imagination; his "Käthchen von Heilbronn," his "Familie Schroffenstein," and his "Prince of Homburg," will always occupy a prominent place in German literature. His comedies, particularly "Der zerbrochene Krug," are full of liveliness and wit, and among his tales "Michael Kohlhaas" still enjoys great popularity. Collected works edited by Tieck in 1826.—(See Life of Kleist, by E. von Bülow, Berlin, 1848.)—K. E.
* KLEMM, Friedrich Gustav, a German writer, born at Chemnitz, Saxony, in 1802. In 1825 he obtained at Leipsic the degree of doctor, and during a residence of some years in Dresden he wrote a "History of Bavaria," which was published in 3 vols., 1828; also an essay upon Attila in 1827. He became editor of a newspaper at Nuremberg in 1830, but returned to Dresden to the appointment of assistant librarian in the public library there, and succeeded Ebert as chief librarian in 1834. His principal work is the "Universal History of Human Civilization," 10 vols., 1843-52. He has contributed largely to periodical literature, and published separate essays on many subjects of interest.—R. H.
KLENZE, Leo von, the famous German architect, was born in 1784 at Hildesheim in Hanover. The son of wealthy parents, he received a superior education in the Collegium Carolinum of Brunswick and the university of Berlin. In the latter city he studied art in the Bau-akademie, and eventually directed his attention specifically to architecture, under the guidance of Professor Gilly. On leaving Berlin, he studied a while in Paris under Durand, and then made a tour of professional study in England and Italy. In 1808 he was appointed architect to Jerome Bonaparte, king of Westphalia, and contributed to the improvement of Cassel. When Jerome's sovereignty was brought to an end, October, 1813, Klenze repaired to Munich. Here he soon gained the confidence of the crown-prince, afterwards King Ludwig I. of Bavaria. In 1815 Klenze was appointed court-architect, and in 1819 inspector of the royal buildings. In 1823 he accompanied the crown-prince on an artistic tour in Italy; a leading object of the tour being the examination of the most celebrated buildings in that country. In 1825 Ludwig ascended the throne of Bavaria, and from that time till his abdication in 1848, the embellishment of his capital never ceased to be a leading object of his life; Klenze all the while being his most trusted adviser in the course actually adopted. The Glyptothek, or gallery of sculpture, had been commenced in 1820; it was actively pushed forward, but it was not completed till 1830. It is a large Ionic building, containing twelve halls, each devoted to a different class of sculpture, the building itself being lavishly decorated with frescoes and sculpture. On its completion the architect was made president of the council for buildings, and in the year following was ennobled and created privy councillor. While the Glyptothek was in progress, Von Klenze erected many other buildings for the king,
