eleven months of the Reign of Terror he was in daily expectation of the guillotine; but he escaped, and immediately published the second part of his "Age of Reason," a blasphemous attack on Christianity, which excited great indignation in England, and called forth a reply from Bishop Watson. Returning to America in 1802 under the protection of President Jefferson's g overnment, he was allowed to fall into obscurity. His personal habits never very nice, had grown repulsive, while his irreligion shocked the better part of American society. He retired to his farm near New Rochelle, where, in solitude and ill health, he continued to live for seven years. He died 8th June, 1809. He was not allowed to rest even in his grave, for eight years after his death the mouldering corpse was disinterred by W. Cobbett, and brought to England for the purpose of receiving new and special honours. A very complete list of his writings will be found in Lowndes' Manual, Bohn's edition.—(Cheetham's Life of Paine; North American Review, lvii. 1.)—R. H.
PAINTER, William, an Elizabethan writer or translator, was (according to the Athenæ Cantabrigienses) a native of Middlesex, and matriculated as a sizar of St. John's college, Cambridge, in November, 1554. He left the university without a degree, and became master of the school at Sevenoaks in Kent. In 1560 he was ordained a deacon. In 1561, however, he figures as clerk of the ordnance in the Tower, an office which he retained for many years. He is known as the editor and translator of "The Palace of Pleasure, beautified, adorned, and well furnished with pleasant histories and excellent novels, selected out of divers, good, and commendable authors," 2 vols., 1566-69. A second edition appeared in 1575. It consisted chiefly of tales translated from Boccaccio and Bandello, and was ransacked for plots by the English dramatists of the time; Shakspeare being among those indebted to it. Painter was alive in 1593; the date of his death is unknown. A handsome reprint of the edition of 1575, with introductions, was published by Joseph Haslewood in 1813.—F. E.
PAISIELLO. See Paesiello.
PAIXHANS, Henri Joseph, a noted French artillerist, was born at Metz, January 22, 1783, and was educated at the Ecole polytechnique. He subsequently entered the army, and gradually attained the rank of general. He was member of the French chamber of deputies, where he delivered several important speeches, which were afterwards collected and published. He is principally known as the inventor of the Paixhans' gun, and of several improvements in projectiles and gun carriages. His guns were chiefly used for shells and hollow shot, and first came into use about 1824. They were originally nine feet four inches long, had a bore of little more than eight inches in diameter, and weighed about three and a half tons. He was the author of "Considerations sur l'Etat Actuel de l'Artillerie des Places, et sur les Ameliorations dont elle paraît susceptible," 1815; "Nouvelle force Maritime," &c. 1821, showing how small vessels might contend successfully against large ones; to which was subsequently added in 1822, a more lengthened work under the same title, "Expériences faites par le Marine Française sur une Arme Nouvelle," &c., 1828; "Force et Faiblesse Militaire de la France," &c., 1830; "Fortifications de Paris," &c., 1834; "Constitution Militaire de la France," &c., 1849. Paixhans died August 19, 1834, near Metz.—F.
PAJOU, Augustin, an eminent French sculptor, was born at Paris in 1730. He studied under J. B. Lemoine, and in 1748 carried off at the Academy the grand prize of Rome. He remained at Rome for twelve years. In 1767 he was nominated professor in the Academy, and later elected a member of the Institute. He died at Paris, May 8, 1809. In all Pajou executed above two hundred groups and statues in marble, stone, bronze, lead, and wood. His more important works include the sculpture of the façade of the palais royal, and of the opera at Versailles; "Psyche Abandoned," in the Luxembourg; statues of Turenne, Bossuet, Pascal, Descartes, Buffon, &c.; and numerous classical and allegorical figures.—J. T—e.
PAKENHAM, Sir Thomas, Vice-admiral, G.C.B., born in 1754, fourth son of Thomas, first Baron Longford, went to sea in 1770, and distinguished himself in the war of the American revolution, and afterwards in the West Indian waters under Commodore Cornwallis. In Lord Howe's action, June 1st, 1794, he commanded the Invincible. He was a singularly good-natured and jocular man, and could jest in the middle of a battle. He died in 1836.—F. E.
PAKINGTON, Dorothy, daughter of Thomas, Lord Coventry, wife of Sir John Pakington, Baronet, died in May, 1679. She is the reputed author of the "Whole duty of Man," and of other works of a similar character, which were very popular at one time. That she is the real author of these works may be inferred from the fact that in 1741 Sir H. P. Pakington stated that the MS. of the "Whole duty of Man," in her own handwriting, was then in possession of the family. She was the friend and protector of many eminent divines.—B. H. C.
* PAKINGTON, Sir John, first baronet, who has filled the offices of secretary of state for the colonies, and of first lord of the admiralty, is the only surviving son of William Russell, Esq., of Powick Court, Worcestershire, where he was born in 1799. Educated at Eton and at Oriel college, Oxford, he became in 1834 chairman of the quarter-sessions of the county of Worcester, and discharged the duties of the office until 1858. In 1831 he assumed the name of Pakington on the death of his maternal uncle. Sir John Pakington. He entered parliament in 1837 as member for Droitwich (which he has since continued to represent), and on conservative principles. He was made a baronet in 1846, although he adhered to protection when Sir Robert Peel gave in his adhesion to the repeal of the corn-laws. On the formation in February, 1852, of Lord Derby's first ministry, Sir John Pakington became secretary of state for the colonies, resigning with his colleagues in the December of the same year. After retiring from office. Sir John Pakington bestowed much time and attention on the education question, and came to the conclusion that the system as administered by the committee of privy council was inefficient and unequal in its operations. He took an active part in promoting the Manchester and Salford education bill of 1854, and on the 16th March, 1855, he moved for leave to introduce an education bill of his own, in a speech which was afterwards printed separately. Sir John's proposal included local rates and local management under the supervision of a central department of the government, and the teaching of religion in all schools; but with a proviso allowing the absence, during religious instruction, of children of a religious belief different from that taught in the school which they attended. On the return of Lord Derby to power in February, 1858, Sir John Pakington became first lord of the admiralty, and exerted himself to restore the efficiency of the navy, until the fall of the second Derby ministry in June, 1859. In that year he was made a G.C.B.—F. E.
* PALACKY, Francis, the learned historian of Bohemia, son of a schoolmaster in Hodslavice, a small village in Moravia, where he was born on the 14th June, 1798. Having completed his studies at the lyceum of Presburg he became tutor in a wealthy nobleman's family at Vienna. In his nineteenth year he published a work on Bohemian poetry, which was followed in 1821 by "Fragments of a Theory of the Beautiful," and in 1823 by a "General History of Æsthetics." In the same year he began collecting among the archives at Prague materials for his great work, "The History of Bohemia." After ransacking private and public libraries in Vienna and Munich, he proceeded with the same object in view to Rome. In 1827 he accepted the editorship of the Bohemian Museum, which he retained for ten years, contributing to its pages many valuable papers on history and criticism. At the diet of the states in 1829 he was appointed national historiographer with a stipend. He continued publishing from time to time minor works of great merit and interest, but the first volume of his "History of Bohemia" did not appear till 1836, while the fourth volume, bringing the narrative of events down to 1471, was published in 1860. This deliberate slowness of publication is justified by the accuracy, impartiality, and general excellence of the book. M. Palacky is not a Sclavonophile enragé, but while he supports the interests of his race he looks to union with Austria as a source of strength and prosperity. His works are written in the German language.—R. H.
PALÆOLOGUS. See Andronicus, Constantine, Manuel, &c.
PALÆPHATUS: under this name is extant a small work, Περὶ ἀπίςτων, "On incredible tales," containing a rationalized account of the chief Greek legends. It rests on the principle that these legends, on the one hand, must have had some foundation in fact, and on the other, are in their popular form incredible. Thus Actæon, according to it, was eaten by his hounds, in the sense that his substance was devoured by the pleasures of the chase. Mr. Grote regards it as "exhibiting the maximum of results which the semi-historical theory of myths can ever pre-
