himself chiefly to the affairs of his own department. Of his earlier miscellaneous speeches, the most noticeable are those on catholic emancipation, which he advocated from 1813 onwards to its triumph in 1829. Years rolled on, and Lord Palmerston was secretary at war and nothing more, until on the accession of Mr. Canning to the premiership, he combined with his old office a seat in the cabinet, and retained both in the succeeding "transition ministry" of Lord Goderich, and in that of the duke of Wellington. He was among the "Canningites" who retired from the Wellington ministry when the duke forced on the resignation of Mr. Huskisson, and from that event dates his rise in political importance. He spoke elaborately and forcibly in the final discussions on catholic emancipation, and he now began to distinguish himself as the advocate of a liberal foreign policy. In June, 1829, he attacked with vigour what he considered, when compared with that of Canning, the retrograde foreign policy of the Wellington ministry, and in March, 1830, he took the initiative and made a motion on the affairs of Portugal, which though lost by a large majority, enabled him to deliver an elaborate speech, containing his whole philosophy of foreign politics, and the effect produced by which was to mark him out as the foreign secretary of the coming liberal ministry. With the accession of Lord Grey and the whigs to power in November, 1830, Lord Palmerston received the seals of the foreign office. He retained them till the formation of Sir Robert Peel's ministry, in November, 1834. He had not been idle in the interval. He consolidated the alliance with France. In concert with Louis Philippe he established the independence of Belgium, and placed upon its throne a monarch friendly to both countries. With the same aid he negotiated the quadruple alliance (22d April, 1834) of England, France, Spain, and Portugal, which gave a death-blow to the reactionary Carlists and Miguelites of the peninsula. With the fall of Sir Robert Peel's short ministry, Lord Palmerston returned to the foreign office, in April, 1835, and remained foreign secretary until Sir Robert's re-accession to power, in September, 1841. The chief of Lord Palmerston's achievements during his second occupation of the foreign office, was his settlement of the Eastern question. France, under M. Thiers, supported the claims of Mehemet Ali, which threatened Turkey with dismemberment, by depriving her of Syria and Egypt. On the 10th of July, 1840, was signed, through Lord Palmerston's instrumentality, the convention between England, Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Turkey, which dictated terms to Mehemet Ali, and left France isolated in Europe. Action followed quickly on negotiation, and Sir Charles Napier captured Acre. The warlike Thiers fell, and was succeeded by the pacific Guizot. Six weeks afterwards Lord Melbourne's ministry resigned, and Lord Palmerston went into opposition. In July, 1846, after the repeal of the corn laws, and the overthrow of Sir Robert Peel's second and final ministry, the whigs returned to power, and with them Lord Palmerston to the foreign office. The trickery of Guizot and Louis Philippe destroyed the entente cordiale, and he had to oppose, and did oppose successfully, the policy not only of Austria, but of France in Switzerland, when the catholic cantons revolted against the federal diet. The queen of Portugal was supported on her throne, not without the tender of some good advice from England. The strange phenomenon of a reforming pope was welcomed, and in the autumn of 1847 Lord Minto was sent to advise the Italian liberals. Then came the European convulsions of 1848-49, during which Lord Palmerston's policy was, on the whole, one not merely of non-intervention, but of non-interference. Much blamed by a section of the liberal party for not acknowledging or aiding the independence of Hungary, Lord Palmerston supported the claims of the vanquished to a secure asylum. When Austria demanded from the Porte the surrender of her Hungarian subjects, and Russia that of her Polish subjects, Lord Palmerston promised Turkey the aid of England, and the refugees were not surrendered. The strength of Lord Palmerston's ministerial position after the European revolution was tested in the June of 1850, when Sir Robert Peel (it was his last appearance in debate) with his personal followers, the conservatives under Mr. Disraeli, and Mr. Hume with the Manchester party, coalesced to oppose Mr. Roebuck's vote of confidence in the foreign secretary, who had just been formally censured by the house of peers for his conduct towards Greece in the affair of Pacifico. After a four nights' debate, Mr. Roebuck's motion was carried by a majority of forty-six in a house of five hundred and seventy-four members. Some eighteen months after this triumph Lord Palmerston ceased to be foreign secretary. The main cause was a disagreement with Lord John, now Earl Russell, then prime minister. The following is Sir Archibald Alison's narrative of the rupture:—"Lord Palmerston, who had so long conducted the foreign affairs of the country, had become so much elated by the triumphant majority which had carried him through the Greek question, that he was not only complained of by his colleagues for carrying on matters in his department too exclusively of his own authority, but even fell under the censure of his sovereign for not making her sufficiently acquainted with important public measures, and altering some state papers in material passages after they had been submitted to her approval. In addition to this, the premier complained of some expressions used by the foreign secretary to the Hungarian refugees, as likely to disturb the peace of Europe, and of a conversation held by him with the French ambassador in London regarding the coup d'état of December 2, 1851, repugnant to the tenour of the instructions sent by the government to their ambassador at Paris, which was to abstain from all interference whatever in the affairs of France. The result was that Lord John Russell felt it his duty to recommend to her majesty to remove Lord Palmerston from office, which was accordingly done, and Lord Granville was appointed his successor." In the succeeding February Lord Palmerston defeated the ministry on their militia bill, and Lord John Russell resigned. Then came the first Derby administration. When it fell, and was succeeded by Lord Aberdeen's coalition-ministry. Lord Palmerston became home secretary, and for a time, instead of dictating to foreign powers, waged war with such domestic grievances as the smoke nuisance. The Russian war supervened, and before public opinion and a hostile vote of the house of commons, indignant at the condition of the army in the Crimea, the coalition ministry collapsed, January 30th, 1855. The cry throughout the country was for Lord Palmerston, and Lord Palmerston formed a ministry. Abandoned by his Peelite colleagues, because he accepted the vote of the house of commons for a select committee of inquiry into the state of the army in the Crimea, he filled up the vacancies from amongst the whigs, and remained at the helm. Sebastopol fell, and Lord Palmerston seemed secure. But again, in the March of 1857, on his policy of confirming Sir John Bowring's hostilities at Canton, he was attacked by a parliamentary coalition even stronger than that which he had triumphed over in the Pacifico affair; for this time Lord John Russell lent his influence to the combined assaults of the conservatives, the Peelites, and the Manchester party. The premier was defeated, and he appealed to the country, which sent him back an overwhelming majority in the commons. Once more, in the following February, Lord John Russell and the coalition of March, 1857, defeated him in the February of 1858, on the introduction of a conspiracy bill, produced by the attempt of Orsini on the life of the Emperor Napoleon. This time Lord Palmerston resigned, and Lord Derby's second ministry was formed. When it fell, Lord Palmerston became again premier, and introduced into his ministry the political elements which had been most formidable to him during his previous administration. Lord John Russell became foreign secretary; Mr. Gladstone, chancellor of the exchequer; and, if office was declined by Mr. Cobden, it was accepted by Mr. Milner Gibson. Lord Palmerston, we may add, exchanged in 1831 the representation of Cambridge university for that of Bletchingley, disfranchised by the reform bill. He sat for South Hants from 1832 to December, 1834. In June, 1835, he was elected member for Tiverton, which he represented till his death. In 1856 he received the garter, in 1861 was made lord warden of the Cinque Ports, and in 1862 was chosen lord-rector of Glasgow university. In 1839, he married the sister and heiress of the second Viscount Melbourne, and widow of the fifth Earl Cowper. In 1852 appeared a useful contribution to his political biography, "Opinions and policy of the Right Hon. Viscount Palmerston," &c., being extracts from his parliamentary speeches from 1808 to 1851. He died on the 18th October, 1865.—F. E.
PALMEZZANO, Marco, a distinguished painter of Forli, where he was born in 1456. He was still living there in 1537. He was the pupil of Melozzo da Forli, and sometimes signed himself Marcus de Melotius, but more commonly Marcus Palmezzanus, pictor Foroliviensis. There is a bard but expressive work by Palmezzano in the National gallery, representing the
