he is best known. The new edition of the Harleian Miscellany, 1808-13, was superintended by him. He also edited the Heliconia, a collection of Elizabethan poetry; and with Sir Egerton Brydges was to have continued Warton's History of English Poetry, but abandoned the task after having made some progress in it. He aided Brydges and Haslewood with the Censura Literaria and British Bibliographer. During his later years he devoted himself to the parish and church affairs of Hampstead, where he resided. He died in November, 1834.—F. E.
PARKER. See Macclesfield.
PARKER, Mathew, Archbishop of Canterbury, was born at Norwich in 1504. He was educated at Corpus Christi college, Cambridge, of which he afterwards became a fellow, then master in 1543, and then vice-chancellor of the university in 1545. Such was his proficiency in the study of scripture and the fathers, that while he was yet under thirty years of age, he was selected by Wolsey to be one of the professors in that college which he was purposing to found in Oxford. This honour, however, he declined, probably from early attachment to the reforming party. He possessed a license to preach, and several benefices were conferred upon him. In 1526 he became an archdeacon, in 1533 chaplain to Anne Boleyn, in 1535 dean of the college of Stoke Clare, in 1537 one of his majesty's chaplains, and in 1552 dean of Lincoln. He had married in 1547, and as Strype says, "he lost all his preferments under Queen Mary for his marriage and for the gospel, and during those times lived obscurely and in great danger." During his retirement he published a "Defence of the marriage of priests." After the accession of Elizabeth, Parker was promoted to the see of Canterbury, being chosen by the chapter on the first of August, and consecrated at Lambeth on the 17th of December, 1559, by Barlow, bishop of Wells, Scory of Chichester, and Coverdale of Exeter. The famous story of his consecration in the Nag's Head Tavern, Cheapside, was first told by a Jesuit, Sacro Bosco (Holywood), many years after the event, and it has been abundantly refuted by Bramhall, Burnet, and others. There were doubts at the time of the validity of his consecration, and some years afterwards it was ratified by the two houses of parliament. He held the primacy for about fifteen years, and died in 1575. He was buried in Lambeth palace on the 6th of June, having ordered for himself a pompous funeral. But during Cromwell's period. Colonel Scot having purchased the place for a mansion house, his monument was taken down, and his bones were removed and buried, says Strype, "in a stinking dunghill." After the Restoration they were re-collected, and the monument was re-erected. Parker was a man of great firmness of mind and temper, both in the supervision of his own clergy and in the repression of nonconformity. The Church of England is indebted to him for the regulation of her public service, but the puritans suffered from his ecclesiastical sternness and decision. "They must conform to the habits, or part with their preferments." His zeal for conformity waxed intolerant and inquisitorial; he stretched the law to its utmost limits against the puritans, and he exercised great severity against the "prophesyings" or meetings for religious discourse. "He was a Parker indeed," says the witty Fuller, "careful to keep the fences." One of his great works was the Bishops' Bible, carried on under his patronage and completed in 1568. He published also on the "Antiquity of the church," and brought out an edition of the works of Matthew Paris, and similar writers. The liturgy, calendar, and order of lessons, were partially revised under his care, and he composed melodies for some portions of the service. To his college in Cambridge he bequeathed some valuable manuscripts, and founded in it both fellowships and scholarships. He was one of the founders of the Society of Antiquaries.—J. E.
PARKER, Richard, a native of Exeter, served in the navy as a midshipman, but was dismissed from the service for misconduct. Subsequently entering a man-of-war as a common sailor, his strength of character and readiness of speech speedily gave him considerable influence over his comrades. Hence, when the mutiny at the Nore broke out (20th May, 1797) he became its chief leader, and was known as "admiral" and "president" Parker. The grievances of the English sailors at that time were numerous and severe. Badly paid, badly fed, and often very cruelly treated by their officers, it was no wonder that when the opportunity arrived they broke out into mutiny. The mutineers at the Nore, however, had less justification for their acts than those who had been just pacified at Portsmouth by Lord Howe. Be this as it may, "Admiral" Parker established a complete blockade of the port of London, suffering no merchant vessels to go either up or down the Thames on any pretext. Nevertheless, to show that they were still loyal to King George, the sailors fired a royal salute on the 4th June, his birthday. Soon afterwards dissensions arose amongst them. They felt that the whole of their countrymen, including their fellow-seamen in all the other fleets, no longer sympathized with their acts. A redress of their real grievances was promised by the government; and by the 13th June the red flag of mutiny had ceased to float from the masthead of a single English ship. The Sandwich, which had been the scene of Parker's brief authority, was the scene also of his punishment. He met his fate like a brave man, and said that he was ready to die for the good of the service. On the 30th June he was hanged from the yard-arm of the Sandwich. A few other ringleaders were flogged through the fleet; but in October, 1797, after the victory over the Dutch at Camperdown, a general pardon was proclaimed.—W. J. P.
PARKER, Samuel, Bishop of Oxford, was born at Northampton in 1640, and educated at Wadham college, Oxford, where his austere life and puritanical creed gave little indication of that submissiveness to the absolutism of a Roman catholic monarch, which he subsequently exhibited before James II. In that king's reign, by the patronage of Archbishop Sheldon, Parker was made bishop of Oxford, and became the tool of James in his endeavours to secure the revenues of the colleges for Roman catholic purposes. His majesty had already converted University college into a seminary for papists, and had placed a Roman catholic dean at the head of Christ church. In March, 1687, he illegally superseded the elected president of Magdalen college in spite of the protests and opposition of the fellows, and nominated Bishop Parker to his place. The bishop was the author of several works (see Watt's Biblioth.), one of which, "A Discourse on the powers of the Civil Magistrate in matters of Religion," brought him into collision with Andrew Marvell, who attacked him in a pamphlet.—(See D'Israeli's Quarrels of Authors.) Parker's "De rebus sui temporis Commentar.," 1660-80, commonly called the Tory's Chronicle, was translated by T. Newlin in 1727. He died in 1688.—R. H.
PARKER, Theodore, an eminent American preacher, was born at Lexington, Massachusetts, in 1810. He studied theology at the Unitarian college of Cambridge, took his degree in 1836, and was appointed minister of a church at Roxbury. In 1840 he became a regular contributor to the Christian Examiner; and collecting the articles he had written, published them in 1843, under the title of "Miscellaneous Writings." In 1842, when the Tractarian movement at Oxford had communicated itself to certain religious bodies in the United States, producing the strangest extremes of Puseyism, a small party of original thinkers, revolting at the revival of mediæval symbolism, saint worship, &c., hurried to the other extreme, and under the name of anti-supernaturalists, entirely rejected all the historical evidence in favour of the scripture miracles. Their leader in New England was Mr. Theodore Parker, who set forth his views in a work of great erudition, originality, and earnestness, entitled "Discourses on matters pertaining to Religion." This and his subsequent works were reprinted in England. Obliged to separate himself from the Unitarian congregations of Boston, he formed a church of his own with the expressive denomination of Twenty-eighth Congregational Society in Boston. He not only preached rationalism but the abolition of slavery, theories of political and domestic economy, and discourses on any subject of the day that occupied the public mind. In April, 1855, he had to undergo a trial before the circuit court of the United States at Boston, for the misdemeanor of a speech which he had delivered on kidnapping. The trial and Parker's defence were published at Boston. In 1857 he travelled to Europe for his health, and died at Florence on 10th May, 1860.—R. H.
PARKER, Sir William, Bart., Admiral, a distinguished naval officer, was born in 1781 at Almington hall, Staffordshire, being the third son of Mr. George Parker, whose father, Sir Thomas, was chief baron of the exchequer, and uncle to Lord-chancellor Macclesfield. Entering the navy in 1793, he was midshipman of the Orion in Lord Howe's action of 1794, and was on board the Leviathan at the taking of St. Domingo in 1796. He performed signal service in 1801 when in command of the Stork, by assisting in the capture of two Spanish vessels of superior force. As captain of the Amazon frigate he took a
