leading part in the capture of the French ships Marengo, a 74, and La Belle Poule, of 46 guns, which belonged to Admiral Linois' squadron. Added to his other trophies were one Spanish and three French privateers. In 1809 he took the citadel of Ferrol; and at the conclusion of the war in 1815 was made C.B. He became rear-admiral in 1830; and as commander of the English fleet in the Tagus, made a demonstration against the partisans of Don Miguel. Being a liberal in politics, he was made a lord of the admiralty by Lord Melbourne's government in 1834, and again in 1835, retaining the office until 1841. In that year he was appointed commander-in-chief of the operations on the coast of China. In conjunction with the troops under General Gough he took Chusan, Ning-po, and Tschapoo, forced the entrance of the Yellow River, and dictated a treaty of peace to the Chinese under the walls of Nankin. For these services he was rewarded by the thanks of both houses of parliament, and the title of baronet with G.C.B., and was placed on the "good-service pension" list. He commanded the Mediterranean fleet in 1847-48, keeping a watchful attitude towards Italy while the revolution begun by Pio IX. was going on. In 1849 he sailed to the Dardanelles, by way of protest against the demands of Austria and Russia for the surrender of the Hungarians who had taken refuge in Turkey. The following year he coerced the Athenian government into a satisfaction of Don Pacifico's claims. Becoming admiral of the blue in 1851, he retired from his command, and in 1854 was appointed commander-in-chief at Plymouth. He attained the rank of admiral of the red in 1858. He died 12th November, 1866.—R. H.
PARKHURST, John, an English prelate, was born at Guildford in 1511. He entered Magdalen college, Oxford, and afterwards became a fellow of Merton; Jewell being among his pupils. He was, as Thomas Fuller says, "presented parson, shall I rather say bishop, of Cleve in Gloucestershire, rather a diocese than a parish for the rich living thereof; but he was kind and generous, and Oxford students who came to him with heavy hearts and light purses left him with light hearts and heavy purses." On the death of King Edward he was obliged to flee, and he found an asylum in Zurich. Returning to England at the accession of Elizabeth, he was in 1560 consecrated Bishop of Norwich, and presided over that see till his death in 1574. In the Bishops' Bible he translated a portion of the Apocrypha, and he published a volume of Latin epigrams.—J. E.
PARKHURST, John, M.A., a clergyman of the Church of England, eminent as a biblical lexicographer, was born at Catesby house in Northamptonshire in June, 1728. Educated first at Rugby, and afterwards at Cambridge, where he was for some time fellow of Clare hall, he devoted himself to the pursuit of sacred learning; and having by the death of his elder brother come into possession of the family estates, which were considerable, he was enabled to follow his inclination in this respect without distraction. His piety and zeal led him to officiate gratuitously as curate for a friend, but he neither obtained nor sought preferment in the church. He lived to the age of nearly sixty-nine, and died on the 21st of February, 1797. He contributed not a little to the cause of biblical learning in this country by his "Hebrew and English Lexicon and Grammar," published first in 1762; and his "Greek and English Lexicon to the New Testament," to which is prefixed a Greek Grammar, first published in 1769. These works have passed through many editions. They are not of great value now, having been superseded by more accurate and complete works; but they are monuments of the author's diligence, piety, and learning. Attached to the doctrines of Hutchinson, Parkhurst often makes his philology subservient to his dogmatic convictions; but on the whole, these books are for the time when they first appeared highly creditable, and they may even yet be consulted occasionally with profit. Parkhurst was the author also of a "Friendly Address to Rev. John Wesley in relation to a principal doctrine mentioned by him and his assistants," 1753; and the "Divinity and Pre-existence of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ demonstrated from Scripture," &c., 1787.—W. L. A.
PARKINS or PERKINS, John, one of the early English law writers, was born of a good family, and educated at Oxford. He became a member of the Inner temple, and obtained eminence as a lawyer. In 1528 he published the first edition of a "Perutilis Tractatus," which has frequently been reprinted and translated into English and into French. The English title is "A profitable book treating of the Laws of England, principally as they relate to conveyancing." The last edition is dated 1827. The author died in 1544 or 1545—(Watt's Biblioth.)—R. H.
PARKINSON, John, an English botanist, was born in 1567, and appears to have died about 1650. He was educated as an apothecary, and resided in London. He was a contemporary of Gerard and Lobel. His first work was his "Paradisus Terrestris," or an account of the plants which can be grown in England. The work gives a view of the extent of an English garden at the beginning of the seventeenth century. In 1640 he published his "Theatrum Botanicum," being an extended herbal, embracing medicinal and other plants growing naturally or introduced into Britain. The plants are arranged in a very heterogeneous manner, according to medicinal qualities, habits, and place of growth. He describes about three thousand eight hundred plants. A genus, Parkinsonia, has been named after him by Plumier.—J. H. B.
PARMA. See Farnese.
PARMENIDES, a Greek philosopher who flourished in the fifth century b.c., was son of Pyrrhus, and born at Elea in Italy. When sixty-five years of age he came to Athens to the Panathenæa, accompanied by Zeno, and formed an acquaintance with the youthful Socrates. His relation to Pythagorean philosophers and philosophy is vague and undefined. It is stated that his fellow-citizens at Elea bound their magistrates every year to obey the laws devised by the philosopher. Indeed, both Plato and Aristotle speak highly of him as a man, placing him above all the Eleatics. He is the author of a poem on nature in hexameter verse, containing a metaphysical argument on existence and non-existence, of an atheistic character. It is didactic and unpoetical, showing little ability either in invention or style. Fragments of it were preserved by Sextus Empiricus and Simplicius. There is no good foundation for the opinion that Parmenides wrote a similar piece in prose. The best and fullest collection of the fragments is in Philosophorum Græcorum Veterum Reliquiæ, by Karsten, vol. i., 8vo, 1835.—S. D.
PARMENIO, a distinguished Macedonian general, born about 400 b.c. Of his early history nothing is known. In 356 he fought with success against the Illyrians; in 346 he was Philip's commander-in-chief in Thessaly; in 342 he conducted the Macedonian campaign in Euboea; find in 230 he led the van of the army into Asia. He took part in all the wars of Alexander, and next to the monarch himself held the most important commands at the three great battles of Granicus, Issus, and Arbela. During all this period Alexander seems to have placed unbounded confidence in Parmenio, and to have been often guided by the counsels of the veteran. But in 330 his son Philotas was guilty of conspiring against Alexander, and some of the confessions of the son tended to implicate his father in the crime. On mere suspicion the old general was condemned and executed, without even the formality of a trial.—D. M.
PARMENTIER, Antoine Augustin, a writer on agriculture and a great philanthropist, was born at Montdidier in 1737, and died on 17th December, 1813. His early education was conducted chiefly at home. He afterwards devoted attention to pharmacy, and studied the subject in the shop of an apothecary at Montdidier. In 1757 he obtained a commission as apothecary in a military hospital. He prosecuted the study of chemistry at Frankfort-on-the-Maine under Meyer. He subsequently attended the lectures of Nollet and Jussieu in Paris; in 1766 he obtained by competition the situation of assistant-apothecary in the Hotel des Invalides; and in 1772 he became apothecary-in-chief. He gained a prize offered by the Academy of Besançon, for an essay on alimentary substances which might be used in times of famine. Parmentier called attention to the starchy matters found in plants, and especially to the cultivation of the potato. Under the consular government he became a member of the council of health in the department of the Seine, and occupied the place of inspector-general of health and administrator of the hospitals. He made important improvements in the diet of soldiers. He was sent to England after the peace of Amiens, to open up scientific communications between the two countries. He suggested many valuable improvements in diet and in sanitary regulations. He paid attention to the use and preparation of grape sugar. His publications are numerous; among them are the following—"Researches on the use and cultivation of the Potato;" "On the best method of making Bread," a treatise on the chestnut; "Remarks on Rural and Domestic Economy."—J. H. B.
