and endeavoured to form a league of the christian princes against the foe, proclaiming a general peace among the Italian governments for this purpose; but he did nothing more. In 1466 he pronounced sentence of deposition and excommunication upon George Podiebrad, the heretical king of Bohemia, stirring up the German princes, with the kings of Hungary and Poland, to carry the sentence into effect. His negotiations with Ferdinand, king of Naples, broke out into open war in 1469. He failed in France to obtain the formal abolition of the Pragmatic sanction. The diet at Ratisbon had just promised him great help against the Turks, when he died on the 25th July, 1471. His crusade against the academy formed at Rome, of which Platina and other l earned men were members, shows that Paul had no taste for learning. He loved splendour and extravagance. Platina wrote his life with severity, though probably his accounts are substantially true.—S. D.
PAUL III. (Alexander Farnese), Pope, was born at Carino in the Florentine territory in 1468. He was bishop of Ostia and dean of the sacred college of cardinals before his election to the papal see in 1534, at the age of sixty-six. At the time of his entrance upon office there was a very general desire among the various states of Europe for the assembling of a general council to remedy the distracted state of the Western church. The protestants wished a free synod in Germany, not Italy; but in 1536 Paul convoked one at Mantua, which did not assemble till May, 1537. He could hardly have seriously meant that it should be held, because a war had broken out between Charles V. and Francis I. Yet there were evangelically-minded catholics of Italy, including several cardinals, who had at first considerable influence over Paul. A commission composed of such men, formed in 1537, made important concessions, admitted abuses in the church, and the necessity of reform. Negotiations at Hagenau and Ratisbon wore a favourable aspect in some respects towards a reconciliation on the part of Rome with the new Reformation. But in 1542 Paul established an inquisition for the suppression of protestantism in Italy. In 1542, 22nd May, he convoked a general council at Trent. After two years it was transferred to Bologna. Paul excommunicated Henry VIII., and released his subjects from their oath of allegiance—a measure which only injured himself and the monks in England. He had many secret conferences with the Emperor Charles at Rome, relative to a new division of Italy; and he went to Nice to effect a reconciliation between Charles and Francis. His natural son, Peter Aloys, was created Duke of Parma and Piacenza. But a fearful death awaited him: he was murdered at Piacenza on account of his tyranny. The pope, however, contrived to secure the succession of Parma and Piacenza to Ottavio, Peter's son. Paul III. died in November, 1549. He was a cultivated and wily diplomatist; but a weak father and bigoted ecclesiastic.—S. D.
PAUL IV. (John Peter Caraffa), Pope, of a distinguished Neapolitan family, was elected to the papal see at the age of seventy-nine, and during the four years of his pontificate showed himself a passionate, haughty, ambitious prelate. The suppression of heresy had already occupied his thoughts: after his elevation he employed his augmented power for the same end. The inquisition was at its height inconsequence of his measures. In Spain his orders against heretics were very rigid. He laboured to transfer the supreme power in Italy from the Spanish and German sovereigns to those of France. But his enmity to Philip II. of Spain was ineffectual. The latter sent the duke of Alba with an army from Naples to invade the papal territories; and Paul was shut up in Rome, where he obtained a favourable peace on condition of renouncing every alliance against the Spanish king, and pardoning all who had taken up arms against the church. His arrogant assertions about Queen Elizabeth and Mary Stewart alienated the former from the Romish church. His nephews, one of whom he had made a cardinal, were guilty of many crimes, and were banished from Rome by their uncle in 1559. Paul died, 8th August, 1559. As soon as his death became known, the Romans rose up in insurrection, broke open the prison of the inquisition, set the prisoners free, burnt the papers, and threw down his statue. Two of his nephews were tried and executed under the new pope, Pius IV.—S. D.
PAUL V. (Camillo Borghese, of Siena), Pope, was born at Rome, 1552, and chosen pope May 16, 1605. Paul was a strict canonist, and was soon involved in a dispute with the Venetian republic respecting the right of civil magistrates to try ecclesiastics. The Venetians were firm in asserting their privileges; and the pope, having tried various means ineffectually, proceeded to lay Venice under an interdict, 1606. The Venetian clergy paid no heed to this ban, and went on as before. The jesuits, capuchins, and theatines who followed the pope, were obliged to leave the republic; and the jesuits were banished for ever by a decree of the senate. The pope found an ally in Spain; but that country could not help him then, being involved in a dispute with the Netherlands. Henry IV. of France became mediator, and the interdict was removed; the two clerical culprits having been given up to the pope by Venice, while the decrees of the Venetian senate were maintained. Yet Paul afterwards renewed the quarrel—on account of the choice of a patriarch. In 1614 he had a dispute with Louis XIII. respecting the book of a jesuit, which was publicly burnt by order of the parliament of Paris. The affair was settled by a compromise. Paul reformed many abuses in the church, and adorned the city of Rome with buildings, statues, and antiquities. He died January 28th, 1621.—S. D.
PAUL, commonly called the Deacon, because he held that office in the church at Constantinople. He is said to have been a Persian by birth, and was a disciple of Nestorius, whose peculiar tenets known as Nestorianism, he defended with great zeal in the fierce controversy waged respecting them. He is the author of a work entitled Περὶ κρίσεως (De judicio).—S. D.
PAUL, the Silentiary, was one of the secretaries of Justinian I. His father, who was a man of rank and fortune, was called Cyrus, or Cyrus Florus. Paul is the author of various Greek poems, as Ἔκφρασις τοῦ ναοῦ τῆς ἁγίας Σοφίας; (A description of the church of St. Sophia), consisting of one thousand and twenty-nine verses, of which the first one hundred and thirty-seven are iambic, the rest hexameter; Ἔκφρασις τοῦ ἅμβωνος, containing three hundred and four verses—twenty-nine iambic, the rest hexameter, forming an appendix to the former work. He also wrote a number of epigrams, eighty-three of which are known. The poems were published by Bekker in 1837 at Bonn.—S. D.
PAUL (Father). See Sarpi.
PAUL of Ægina. See Paulus Ægineta.
PAUL VERONESE. See Veronese.
PAULA (St.), a Roman lady of honourable descent, born about 347. After her husband's decease, she left her home and family, and retired to Bethlehem, where she became famous for her piety and benevolence, and as the friend of Jerome, who taught her Hebrew. She died in 404 or 405.—B. H. C.
PAULDING, James Kirke, an American novelist and miscellaneous writer, was born August 22, 1779, in the town of Pawling on the Hudson. After receiving a liberal education he settled in New York, where he devoted himself to literature for its own sake. In 1807 he appeared as an associate with Washington Irving in the humorous publication entitled "Salmagundi." In 1813 he gave to the world a satirical poem called "The Lay of a Scotch Fiddle," which was followed in 1816 by a quiz entitled "The diverting history of John Bull and Brother Jonathan." The fun of these productions is somewhat ponderous, but the diction is good, and they display an excellent temper. There is doubtless more interest to be found in Mr. Paulding's novels, illustrative of provincial life in the United States of America. His best novel is "The Dutchman's Fireside," published in 1831. It is a domestic story of the "old French war," abounding in striking scenes and vividly drawn characters. For several years he was navy agent for the port of New York, and in 1837 was selected by President Van Buren to be chief of the navy department. On retiring from public life in 1841 he resumed his literary occupations, and contributed to the leading periodicals. He died in 1860.—R. H.
PAULET. See Winchester.
PAULIN DE ST. BARTHELEMI, whose real name was Johann Philipp Werdin, was born in Austria in 1748. He became a carmelite, and went as a missionary to the coast of Malabar from 1774 to 1788. In 1790 he went to Rome, to perform literary work for the Indian mission. He was secretary to the Propaganda, and filled other offices at Rome, where he published a Sanscrit grammar in 1800, and again in 1804. He wrote other works of a learned character, and died in 1806. His oriental works were important, but are now mostly superseded.—B. H. C.
PAULINUS, Archbishop of York, who figures in the Roman calendar of saints (October 10), was an Italian by birth, and is thought to have taken monastic vows in the monastery of
