as 1819 he recommended to the Bible Society the execution of a translation of the Bible into Breton, a surviving cognate dialect of his own beloved Welsh, and he lived to see his scheme carried out, and to co-operate in its execution, so far as the New Testament was concerned. In 1822 he made his first speech at an Eisteddfodd, and in 1825 his first published contributions to the literature of the principality, a series of papers on the Celtic languages, which appeared in the Star of Gomer; a Welsh monthly magazine. During the rest of his life he was considered the chief authority in all matters connected with the language and literature of Wales. He died in 1848. In 1854-55 appeared his Literary Remains, with a memoir by Jane Williams.—F. E.
PRICHARD, James Cowles, M.D., a very eminent ethnologist, was born in 1785, at Ross in Herefordshire. From an early period, he himself has said, he felt a great interest in questions connected with the origin and varieties of the human race; and educated at Edinburgh for the medical profession, he made "De Humani Generis Varietate" the subject of his Latin thesis, written when he took his degree, and published afterwards. It was a wonderful performance considering the date of its composition, and much of its writer's leisure seems to have been subsequently devoted to mature and develop the views enounced in it. Dr. Prichard settled at Bristol in 1810 to practise his profession, and some time afterwards was appointed physician to the Clifton dispensary. In 1813 he published his first book, those "Researches into the Physical History of Mankind" which, of slender bulk at first, expanded into the five-volume edition of 1849. Dr. Prichard was the earliest ethnological writer who, improving upon Blumenbach, combined the physiological section of the inquiry with its historical and philological relations. He was among the first to abolish physiologically and ethnologically the distinction between Celt and Teuton, between the Hindoo and his English conqueror, and to affiliate seemingly the most different races to one great Indo-European family. His "Eastern origin of the Celtic languages" was published in 1831, before the completion of the Vergleichende Grammatik of Bopp, who accepted and enforced Dr. Prichard's theory. "The Natural History of Man," published in 1843, is a popular summary of his larger work. A posthumous edition of the "Eastern Origin," edited by Dr. Latham, appeared in 1857, and of "The Natural History of Man," edited by Mr. Edwin Norris in 1851. There is a list of Dr. Prichard's writings in the memoir of him in the Gentleman's Magazine for February, 1849, which seems, however, to be in error in ascribing to August Wilhelm Schlegel the German translation of Prichard's "Analysis of the Egyptian mythology." Among his professional works were two on insanity, and having distinguished himself by his practical skill in its treatment, he was appointed a metropolitan commissioner in lunacy, and in 1845, after the passing of the new act, one of her majesty's commissioners in lunacy. While visiting in 1848 the lunatic asylums in the neighbourhood of Salisbury he had an attack of fever, of which, and other complications added to it, he died in London on the 22d December, 1848. In private life Dr. Prichard was simple, modest, and amiable. In his writings he combined with the widest research candour and truthfulness. There is in no language such a storehouse of well-arranged and systematized facts in ethnology, blended with philology, as is Prichard's "Researches into the Physical History of Mankind."—F. E.
PRIDE (Lieutenant-colonel), of "Pride's purge" celebrity, first emerges at the end of March, 1647, summoned with two other officers to appear at the bar of the house of commons, in the controversy between the parliament and the army, a little before the seizure of Charles I. at Holmby house. He commanded a regiment of foot at Pieston. When a majority of 129 members of the house of commons voted that the king's concessions at Newport formed a ground of settlement. Colonel Pride and his soldiers occupied Westminster hall, and all the entrances to the house of commons, on the 6th December, 1648. Pride himself held in his hand a written list of the names of the 129, and Lord Grey of Groby stood as prompter by his side. When any one of the 129 approached. Pride gave the word, and the honourable member was marched off to a place of temporary confinement. This was the famous achievement known in history as "Pride's purge." Pride accompanied Cromwell in the Scottish expedition, and helped to bring up the rear at Dunbar. His last appearance, so far at least as we have been able to trace him, is as a member of Cromwell's house of peers in 1658.—F. E.
PRIDEAUX, Humphrey, a learned divine, was born at Padstow in Cornwall, 3d May, 1648. From Westminster school he was elected to Christ Church, Oxford, entering in 1668 and becoming A.M. in 1676. In this the year of his degree he published, under the patronage of the university, the inscriptions from the Arundel marbles—"Marmora Oxoniensia." This work attracted the attention of Chancellor Finch, afterwards earl of Nottingham, who presented him to the rectory of St. Clement's, Oxford. He became at the same time Dr. Busby's Hebrew lecturer in Christ Church; in 1681 he was made prebendary of Norwich. The rectory of Playden, with the chapelry of Woodstock, was also conferred on him, but he exchanged it for Saham in Norfolk that he might be near his cathedral duties. In 1688 he was raised to the archdeaconry of Suffolk. Resigning Saham in 1694, he became two years after vicar of Trowse, near Norwich, and in 1702 he was promoted to the deanery of Norwich. Unskilful surgical treatment for stone so weakened him that he resigned his charge, and thus prevented, it is said, his elevation to the episcopate. He still, however, pursued his favourite studies, and gave their fruits to the world. Prideaux died 1st November, 1724, and was interred in Norwich cathedral. Prideaux's best known work is his "Connection of the history of the Old and New Testament," 1715-17, a work of great research and honest inquiry; and though more recent investigations have added much to our knowledge on these historical points, it has gone through above a score of editions, and may still be studied with advantage. At an earlier period he published "On the validity of orders in the Church of England." In 1707 appeared his "Life of Mahomet," a production so popular that three editions were sold in the year of publication. In 1707 he put out "Directions to church wardens," and in 1710 appeared his treatise on "Tithes." A life of him, along with some tracts and letters, was published in 1748. Prideaux was a clear-headed and hard-working man, careful and conscientious in all his researches.—J. E.
PRIDEAUX, John, a great bishop and champion of Calvinism, born in 1578 at Stowford, near Ivybridge, Devon. His father was poor. Having learned to read and write, he tried to be made parish clerk of Ugborough, near his birth-place; he failed in this attempt, and used to say in after years, "If I could but have been clerk of Ugborough, I had never been bishop of Worcester." Having gained some knowledge of Latin, he travelled to Oxford; performing mean offices in the kitchen of Exeter college, till his industry and learning commended him to the rector and tutors, and he was admitted member of the college in 1596; B.A., 1599; probationer fellow, 1602; M.A., 1603; B.D , 1611; rector of Exeter college and D.D., 1612. In 1615 he was appointed regius professor of divinity, and in virtue of his office, canon of Christ Church, and rector of Ewehme, Oxon. In his public ministry he maintained the predestinarian theory, teaching the views, for the most part, of the synod of Dort, and vehemently opposing the remonstrant or Arminian party, a policy which appears to have placed him in opposition to the court party; nevertheless he was consecrated bishop of Worcester in 1641, but he received little or nothing from its revenues. He manfully upheld the cause of his royal master, and excommunicated those who rebelled against him. For this he was plundered, and as Dr Gauden said of him, "he now became literally a helluo librorum, being obliged to turn his books into bread for his children." To a friend inquiring how he fared, he replied, "Never better in my life, only I have too great a stomach, for I have eaten the little plate which the sequestrators left me; I have eaten a great library of excellent books; I have eaten a great deal of linen, much of my brass, some of my pewter, and now am come to eat my iron; and what will come next I know not." "Having," continues Wood, "first by indefatigable studies digested his excellent library into his mind, he was after forced again to devour all his books with his teeth, turning them by a miraculous faith and patience into bread for himself and his children, to whom he left no legacy but pious poverty, God's blessing, and a father's prayers." He died at Bredon in Worcestershire, 20th July, 1650. His works are remarkable for dialectic skill. Perhaps the best of them is "Euchologia, or the Doctrines of Practical Praying," being a legacy left to his daughters in private, "directing them to such manifold uses of our Common Prayer Book, without looking for new lights from extemporal flashes."—T. J.
PRIESSNITZ, Vincenz, the inventor of the "water-cure," was born at Gräfenberg in Austrian Silesia, on the 4th of October, 1799. His father was a farmer. Priessnitz had not the advan-
