"Hymnus an die liebe," which he followed up in 1805 with the first two parts of his "Parabeln" (to which he afterwards added a third part), and with a theological work—"Über den Geist und der Form der Evangelischen Geschichte in historischer und æsthetischer hinsicht"—on the spirit and form of the evangelical history, viewed both historically and æsthetically. The "Parables" became extremely popular, and were translated into several foreign tongues. An illustrated English edition of them has been recently included in Bohn's Illustrated Library. They are beautifully conceived and written. His work on the gospel history was equally successful, though in a more limited sphere, and gave him at once a high place among German divines. In 1806 he exchanged his professorship for a pastoral charge at Kettwig on the Ruhr, where he remained till 1812, when he was appointed through the influence of the Princess Pauline of Detmold, who was a great admirer of his writings, general superintendent and court-preacher in Bernburg; and here he continued, declining the repeated offer of a chair at Bonn, till 1824, when he was induced to accept the office of pastor primarius in St. Ansgariikirche in Bremen. In all these positions, in the intervals of other duties, he continued to ply his pen with unwearied industry, and his publications from 1809 till his death in 1845 were not only very numerous, but in a high degree serviceable to the cause of truth, especially in connection with the training of the young. His views of religion were equally opposed to an enthusiastic mysticism on the one hand, and to an unbelieving rationalism on the other. He remained all his life a representative of the genuine spirit of the German Reformation, and a gifted teacher of Christianity in its simplest apostolic form. As a poet his claims stand high. His "Parables" and other pieces have secured for themselves a permanent place in German literature.—P. L.
KRUMMACHER, Friederich Wilhelm, an eminent preacher, son of Friedrich Adolf, was born at Mörs, the 28th January, 1796. While inheriting much of his father's literary ability, he surpassed both his father and uncle in gifts and fame as a pulpit orator. He was for some time pastor of a German congregation in New York, but he had succeeded his uncle at Elberfeld, where he laboured for many years in the same evangelical spirit, before his name became extensively known either as a preacher or author. At a subsequent period he removed to Berlin, and settled at Potsdam, where, as one of the chaplains to the king of Prussia, he had a vast congregation, consisting chiefly of soldiers, among whom his zealous labours were attended with very marked success. He was always distinguished for the fervour and force with which he maintained the doctrines of the Reformation in opposition to the rationalism which has prevailed so much in protestant Germany, and the decline of which during the last thirty years has been in no small degree owing to the energetic exertions of practical preachers like him, as well as to the more learned labours of the university divines. His publications were numerous and popular: and several of them have been translated into English, and been extensively read and admired in this country and in America, particularly his "Elijah the Tishbite," and his "Elisha." His "Kirchliche Lehrstimmen" appeared in 1846, in 2 vols.; and "Die Sabbathglöcke" in 1851. He took at all times a prominent part in the deliberations of the Kirchentag; and was one of the most zealous promoters in Germany of "The Evangelical Alliance." His speaking as well as his preaching was distinguished by great fervour and energy; and he had many of the qualities of a true orator. His leanings were to the reformed branch of the United Evangelical Church of Prussia, though he was all along a steadfast friend of the Union, and showed no sympathy with separation, either on the side of the reformed or the high Lutheran party. When Neander died in 1850, Krummacher was the man selected to pronounce the funeral oration at his grave; and when the Evangelical Alliance met at Berlin in 1857, it was he who spoke the opening welcome to Christian men out of every nation under heaven. On both occasions he spoke as an apostle not only of truth but of love. He died on the 10th of December, 1868.—P. L.
KRUMMACHER, Gottfried Daniel, a younger brother of Friedrich Adolf, was born at Tecklenburg, 1st April, 1774, and died 30th January, 1837, as pastor of the Reformed church in Elberfeld. He had little of the literary genius and fertility of his brother, but he was a distinguished preacher, and exercised a large amount of religious influence in that part of Germany by his devoted piety, and by the strenuousness and unshaken constancy with which, during a long ministry, he proclaimed and defended evangelical truth in opposition to the prevailing rationalism of the age. His preaching was powerful, and wrought a great change upon the religious life of Elberfeld and the Wupperthal, the effects of which continue to be felt to the present day. But his ministry was by no means a model one; it was onesided, and repelled as many as it attracted. In his interpretation of scripture, too, he was fanciful and arbitrary, as may be seen in his well-known work—"The Wanderings of Israel through the Wilderness." But withal his faith was "a burning and a shining light," shining as steadily as brightly; and that faith made him a strong man in the midst of weak and wavering multitudes.—P. L.
KRUSEMANN, Cornelis, a celebrated Dutch painter, was born in 1797 at Amsterdam; and studied in the art-academy of that city under C. H. Hodges. He at first painted interiors, but the contemplation of the great historical paintings in Italy led him to devote himself entirely to the higher walks of art. Among his more important scripture pictures was a "St. John Preaching," of colossal dimensions, which was much admired. He also painted a "Holy Family;" "a "Belisarius asking Alms;" several subjects from Dutch history, &c. In 1826 he published an interesting account of his professional tour in Italy, "Antekeningen betreffende eene Konstreis en Verblejf in Italie," which was translated into German in 1831. C. Krusemann died November 14, 1857.—J. T—e.
* KRUSEMANN, Jan Adam, brother of the preceding, was born at Haarlem in 1804, and studied in the Amsterdam academy, of which he has for many years been sub-director. He has painted many scriptural pieces, one of which, "Elisha and the Shunamite," is in the Haarlem museum; subjects from ancient and modern history, and familiar life, and portraits.—J. T—e.
KRUSEMARK, Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig, Baron von, a Prussian general and statesman, descended from a family long famed in the military annals of his country. He was employed on several missions to foreign courts in the early part of the present century, and in 1806 the king of Prussia deputed him to negotiate a peace with Napoleon. The attempt was unsuccessful, and Krusemark was despatched to St. Petersburg, where he procured the coalition that led to the peace of Tilsit. In 1809 he was appointed ambassador to the court of France, and again in 1813. A correspondence between the baron, Prince Hardenberg, and the duke of Bassano has been preserved. He died in 1821.—P. E. D.
KRUSENSTERN, Adam John von, a celebrated Russian navigator and hydrographer, born in Esthonia in 1770; died at Reval in 1846. From 1793 to 1799 he served in the British navy; and during a visit to China he became aware of the great advantages that would accrue to Russia by opening a direct trade with China and Japan. On his return he laboured long at this project, and at last succeeded in securing the necessary authorization from the Emperor Alexander. Left free to make his own arrangements, he organized an expedition, and left Cronstadt, 26th June, 1803. He reached Japan after a long voyage and spent five months there, then crossed to the continent, and surveyed the mouths of the river Amoor. He made an extensive series of observations on the remote coasts, which at that period were very imperfectly known, and did not return to Cronstadt till 7th August, 1806. His services were fully acknowledged by the Emperor Alexander, who awarded him several decorations, and the rank of vice-admiral, at the same time placing him at the head of the naval school of Russia. He published his "Voyage round the World in the years 1803-6," St. Petersburg, 3 vols. 4to, with folio plates. Of this work an English translation appeared in 1813.—P. E. D.
* KÜCKEN, Friederich Wilhelm, a musician, was born at Bleckede in 1810. He has attained popularity throughout Germany as a composer of Lieder, many of which have become favourites in England. His arrangements of the national songs of Styria and other German provinces have done much to make these characteristic melodies widely known. He has written a great many four-part songs, which are eminently effective; he has also written for the stage, but with less decided success. Ho for several years held the post of second kapellmeister (musical director of the opera) at Stuttgart, which office he resigned in September, 1861.—G. A. M.
KÜGELGEN, Gerhard and Carl von, twin brothers, born at Bacharach on the Rhine in 1772. In 1791 they were sent
