Rendsburg in 1630. Having studied chemistry and metallurgy he obtained great reputation in these sciences, and became successively chemist to the dukes of Lauenburg, the elector of Saxony, and subsequently to Charles XI. of Sweden, who granted him letters of nobility under the name of Baron von Löwenstern. He died in 1703, leaving several works on chemistry and the art of glass-making. His name is perhaps best known in connection with the early history of phosphorus; of the process of extracting which he was the first improver, as Brandt was the discoverer.—W. B—d.
KUNTH, Karl Sigismund von, a distinguished German botanist, was born in Leipsic on 18th June, 1788, and died at Berlin in March, 1850. Until the age of sixteen he was educated at the free school in Leipsic, and became acquainted with Rosenmüller, who directed his mind to anatomical and natural history pursuits. In 1805 he entered the college of St. Thomas; but on the death of his father he relinquished his studies there, and obtained an appointment in the naval administration at Berlin. Baron Humboldt subsequently took notice of him, and gave him the means of attending the natural history courses in the university of Berlin. In 1813 he published the "Flora Berolinensis;" and after the death of Willdenow he undertook the arrangement and publication of the plants collected in Equinoctial America by Humboldt and Bonpland. He was engaged in the work in Paris in 1813-19, and he published it under the title of "Nova genera et species plantarum," in 7 vols. folio. He also published a synopsis of the work in 5 vols. 8vo. He likewise completed Bonpland's "Plantes Equinoxiales," and "Melastomaceæ," and published a memoir on the South American mimoseæ and other leguminosæ, as well as an account of the grasses of that country. On his return to Berlin in 1819 he was appointed professor of botany and vice-director of the botanic garden. In 1829 he was admitted a member of the Academy of Sciences of Berlin, and subsequently a corresponding member of the Institute. In 1850 he assisted in the arrangement and distribution of the East Indian plants collected by Dr. Wallich. He also commenced a general description of plants under the name of "Enumeratio plantarum omnium hucusque cognitarum;" but he did not live to complete it, or even to finish the monocotyledonous division. He contributed several papers to the Annales des Sciences Naturelles, and to the Memoires de l'Academie Royale de Berlin.—J. H. B.
KUNTZ, Karl, a celebrated German animal painter and engraver, born at Mannheim, July 28, 1770, was a pupil of J. Rönger. After travelling in Italy and Switzerland he settled in Karlsruhe, where he was appointed court painter and director of the grand-ducal picture gallery, and where he died, September 8, 1830. As a painter, Kuntz imitated Paul Potter, whose famous Cow forms the subject of one of the best of his engravings. Another celebrated engraving is the Abraham and Agar of Claude Lorraine. He also engraved several landscapes in aquatint.—His son, * Rudolf, born 1797, is well known by his paintings and lithographs of horses; while a second son, * Ludwig, born 1813, has published a collection of lithographs of his father's sketches, "Thierstudien nach der Natur gemalt von Karl Kuntz," 4to, Karlsruhe, 1837.—J. T—e.
KUNZE, Gustav, a German botanist, died on 30th April, 1851. He was professor of botany at Leipsic, and wrote a work on Ferns, and a description of the plants found in the south of Spain by Willkomm.—J. H. B.
KUPETZKY, Johann, a Hungarian portrait-painter, born at Bösing, near Presburg, in 1666-67. His father was a poor weaver, and Johann was intended for the same occupation; but he fled from home about 1681, and entered the house of a Swiss painter at Lucerne, of the name of Klaus. From Lucerne Kupetzky travelled to Rome where he became acquainted with J. C. Füssly, who procured him the patronage of Alexander Sobiesky. He established a reputation at Rome, and was early in the eighteenth century, when about forty years of age, invited by Prince Adam von Lichtenstein to Vienna. Here he became a great portrait painter—Joseph I., Charles VI., and Prince Eugene, were his patrons. In 1716 he was invited by Peter the Great to enter his service, but his love of liberty was too great, and he declined. Kupetzky was a "Bohemian brother," and some fear of religious persecution induced him to leave Vienna and settle in Nürnberg, where he died in 1740. A folio volume of prints after his works, including a very clever portrait of himself, was published there in 1745, engraved by B. Vogel and V. D. Preissler; and there is a life of him by his friend Füssly, published at Zurich in 1758.—R. N. W.
* KURTZ, Johann Heinrich, professor of theology at Dorpat, was born in 1809. After studying at Halle and Bonn, he went to the gymnasium at Mittau, whence he was called to Dorpat in 1850 as ordinary professor of ecclesiastical history and theology. His principal works are—"A History of the Old Covenant," 2 vols.; "Handbook of Church History," 3 vols.; "Compendium of Sacred History," &c. Kurtz is an industrious, but by no means an able writer of the Erlangen school.—S. D.
KÜSELL, Matthias, German engraver, was born at Augsburg in 1621; settled in Munich, and engraved a large number of portraits, two or three scriptural subjects, and a set of forty-six etchings of scenes, &c., from the opera Il Poma d'Oro, all of which are in much request among collectors. He also published a folio volume on the fine arts, "Nobilissima artis graphicæ soboles." He died in 1682.—J. T—e.
KÜSELL, Melchior, brother of the preceding, was born at Augsburg in 1622; was a pupil of M. Merian, and stayed for a while in Frankfort, but returned to Augsburg in 1655. His style is more refined and spirited than that of his brother; his etchings are especially admirable. He engraved several portraits; the "Life and Passion of Christ," in twenty-five plates; and about ninety landscapes, marine views, architectural and miscellaneous subjects, all after W. Baur; a set of two hundred and forty-nine plates in quarto (1679) from the Old and New Testaments; one hundred and eighty-two plates of "Spiritual Emblems," after Strauch; sixty plates of the "Adventures of Ulysses," after U. Kraus, &c. He died in 1683.—J. T—e.
KUSTER, Ludolf, an eminent classical scholar, was born in 1670 at Blomberg in Westphalia, where his father was a magistrate. He was educated at the Joachim gymnasium in Berlin, where his elder brother was a professor. By the favour of the celebrated Spanheim he was appointed tutor to the two sons of Count Schwerin, the king of Prussia's prime minister. When their education was completed, Kuster was able to gratify his taste for travel. He spent ten years in various parts of Europe, visiting libraries, examining manuscripts, and associating with the learned men of the day. At Frankfort-on-the-Oder, where he was studying civil law, he published in 1696 his first great work "Historia Critica Homeri," which excited great attention in Germany, and was afterwards republished by Wolff in his edition of Homer, 1785. The name which appears on the title of this dissertation is Neocorus, the Greek word for Kuster or Sacristan, which had been jokingly applied to him by Grævius. At Utrecht, where Kuster resided for some time, he began a Latin journal under the title of "Bibliotheca librorum novorum," of which five volumes appeared between 1696 and 1700. Here also he contributed to the collection of Grævius a dissertation on the museum of Alexandria; and for Gronovius he translated two learned papers into Latin. In 1700 he went to England, and laboured both there and in France at a new edition of Suidas, which appeared at Cambridge, in three volumes folio, in 1705. Indefatigable as he was learned, his edition of Jamblichus De Vita Pythagoræ; appeared in 1707 at Amsterdam, where also his fine edition of Aristophanes was published three years later. He was working at the same time at a new edition of Mill's Greek Testament, which came out also in 1710. A criticism on his Suidas, written by Gronovius, drew forth a reply from Kuster entitled "Diatriba anti-Gronoviana," 1712. Accompanying this essay was a treatise on the æs grave of the ancients, which, together with a dissertation on the verb cerno, involved the author in a quarrel with Perizonius, who had also written on the verb cerno. In this last controversy was produced one of Kuster's ablest works "De vero usu verborum mediorum," 1714, which Alberti and Dorville have called a book of gold. It is reprinted among the Prolegomena of the late edition of Stephen's Thesaurus. On quitting England Kuster had been appointed professor at the Joachim gymnasium, Berlin; but he threw up the appointment at some slight offence and retired to Amsterdam. When, by the failure of his banker, he had lost all his money, he accepted the invitation of Abbé Bignon to settle in Paris; and there having gratified the aged king by abjuring Lutheranism for Catholicism, July 25, 1713, he was allowed a pension of two thousand livres, and a place in the Academy. He did not long enjoy these questionable glories, being cut off in 1716 in his forty-seventh year by an abscess in the liver brought on by injudicious application to study.—R. H.
KUTUZOW or KOUTOUZOF, Michel Larivonovitch
