July, 1790.—(See Phil. Trans., lxvii., 653; lxxv., 385; lxxviii., 188.) For his measurement of a base on Hounslow Heath, on the 16th April, 1784, he received the Copley medal. The survey was commenced at the instance of the French government, with a view to connect the observatories of Greenwich and Paris by trigonometrical measurements. General Roy was appointed to conduct the operations through the influence of Sir Joseph Banks, then president of the Royal Society, to whom Mr. Fox, with the consent of the king, had transmitted the proposals of the French astronomer, M. Cassini de Thury.—R. H.
ROYE, Guy le, archbishop of Rheims in the fourteenth century, and founder of the college of Rheims in Paris, figured as canon of Noyon and then as dean of St. Quintin at the papal court of Avignon. He followed Gregory XI. to Rome, and successively attached himself to the party of Clement VII. and of Benedict XIII. He was made archbishop of Rheims in 1391, and was killed in a riot near Genoa in 1409. He left a work entitled "Doctrinale Sapientiæ."
ROYER-COLLARD, Pierre Paul, distinguished as a statesman, still more distinguished as a philosopher, was born at Sompuis in Champagne, on the 21st June, 1763. He was educated at Chaumont with a view to the clerical profession; but abandoning this design, he became an advocate in the parliament at Paris on the eve of the Revolution. This great event he saluted with the enthusiasm of youth and of hope. In the earlier, calmer, purer days of the Revolution he was conspicuous as a popular orator; but when blood began to flow and fierce passions to rage, he retired from the scene to philosophical studies, for which perhaps, better than for politics, his nature was fitted. In 1797 he again grew active as a politician. But he was the partisan of moderation, and the tendency of France was, what it has ever been since the Revolution—toward extremes. Reaction might follow reaction, but "moderation" could not reign. Again, therefore, Royer-Collard withdrew; and now his influence as a philosopher commenced. He was the originator of that eclectic school of which Jouffroy was the chief thinker, Cousin the chief orator, and which, though it originated nothing, enlarged and enlivened the empire of philosophy in France. In opposition to the sensualism of which Condillac had been the earnest and able exponent, but which after the time of Condillac had hardened into a coarse, repulsive materialism, Royer-Collard propagated doctrines akin to those of the Scottish school. By him, or by his disciples, the works of Reid and Stewart were translated. Introductions, comments, notes, enabled the translations better to serve a propagandist purpose. In 1811 Royer-Collard was appointed to a professorship of philosophy, which he held for two years. Though his lectures proved attractive, yet it was mainly by the weight, by the sympathetic force of his individuality as a man, that Royer-Collard was a reformer of philosophy, both now and afterwards. On the final overthrow of the empire Royer-Collard accepted various offices under the government, and was called to the chamber of deputies. As he had been the founder of the eclectics, so as the champion of a decided but mitigated liberalism, he was the founder of the doctrinaires. He had been elected president of the chamber of deputies two years before the July revolution, and as such he presented the important address to Charles X., which was signed by more than two hundred deputies, and which, intended as a warning, was changed into a prophecy. Journalist, parliamentary representative, the most trusted, most honoured head of the liberals, in all aspects, through all agencies, Royer-Collard advocated a conservative, conciliatory policy. But he was the determined foe of reaction, and therefore he was in general opposed to the measures pursued by his friends and disciples, the doctrinaires, and especially by Guizot, in the reign of Louis Philippe; and the fruit of which was the February catastrophe. Of this revolution, at once so expected and so unexpected, Royer-Collard did not survive to be the witness. He died at his country-seat, Chateauvieux, near St. Aignan, on the 4th September, 1845. Some years previously old age had compelled him to abandon public life. The integrity and the patriotism of Royer-Collard are unquestioned. But he was not higher or wiser than his age—an age when in France the journalist had more influence than the orator, the orator more than the politician, the politician more than the true statesman.—W. M—l.
ROYLE, John Forbes, an eminent Indian botanist, was born at Cawnpore in 1799, and died at Acton, near London, on 2nd January, 1858. He was the only son of Captain William Henry Royle, an officer in the service of the East India Company. He received his early education at the high school of Edinburgh. He was intended for the army; but while waiting for an appointment at Addiscombe, he became a pupil of Dr. Anthony Todd Thomson, and under his tuition acquired a taste for natural history, and especially for botany. In place of accepting a military appointment, he became assistant-surgeon in the East India Company's service. He went to Calcutta in 1819, and was first stationed at Dumdum. He subsequently was posted to various parts of Bengal and the north-west provinces, and enjoyed ample opportunity of becoming acquainted with the productions of India. He became acquainted with Dr. Wallich of the Calcutta garden, and in 1823 was chosen superintendent of the garden at Saharunpore. He did much to improve the garden, and cultivated many plants which were important in a medicinal and economical point of view. He sent collectors to various mountain provinces in India, and made a large and valuable collection of plants. He examined also the drugs sold at the bazaars in India, and identified them with the medicines used by the Greeks. He attended to the agricultural improvement of India, and directed attention to the fibrous plants. He published "Illustrations of the Botany, &c., of the Himalaya Mountains." In this work he gives valuable information in regard to the resources and capabilities of India. The culture of tea occupied his attention, and he pointed out the fitness of the slopes of the Himalayas for that purpose. He made collections also of the mammals, birds, reptiles, and insects of the northern plains and mountains of India. The geology of the Himalayas also received attention from him. He returned to Britain in 1831, with large collections and valuable materials for publication. He became a fellow of the Royal, Linnæan, Geological, and other scientific societies. He received from the university of Munich the degree of M.D. For many years he acted as secretary of the Horticultural Society, and of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. He was chosen professor of materia medica in King's college, London, and had charge of the correspondence of the East India Company, relating to the vegetable productions of India. He took an active part in the arrangement of the Great Exhibitions in London, Paris, and Manchester, and received valuable acknowledgments of his services. He commenced the formation of a museum at the India House. Among his published works may be noticed his "Himalayan Illustrations," "Manual of Materia Medica," on the arts and manufactures of India, on fibrous plants of India; besides numerous papers in journals and Transactions of societies; and articles on the plants of scripture in Kitto's Biblical Cyclopædia. A genus of plants has been named Roylea.—J. H. B.
ROYOU, Jacques-Corentin, a French historian, was born about 1745 at Quimper. Having made choice of the profession of an advocate, he went to Paris in 1791, and assisted his elder brother in conducting a journal called L'Ami du Roi. His opinions rendered him obnoxious to the revolutionary party, and he was banished to the Isle de Rè, but succeeded in regaining his liberty, and resumed the practice of his profession before the courts of Paris. At the restoration he was nominated dramatic censor, and obtained a pension from the king in 1821. He died in 1828. Royou was the author of two tragedies, "Phocion" and the "Death of Cæsar," and a comedy named "Le Frondeur," which met with some success. But he is better known by his historical abridgments, most of which have passed through several editions. He published "Outlines of Ancient History after Rollin," 4 vols. 8vo; "Roman History down to the reign of Augustus," 4 vols. 8vo; "History of the Roman Emperors from Augustus down to Constantius Chlorus," 4 vols. 8vo; "History of the Lower Empire," 4 vols. 8vo; "History of France," 6 vols. 8vo, &c.—His elder brother, the Abbé Thomas Marie Royou, born in 1741, was for twenty years professor of moral philosophy in the college of Louis the Great, at Paris, and obtained notoriety as the editor of the journals L'Année Litteraire or Journal de Monsieur, and L'Ami du Roi, which were established for the purpose of combating revolutionary doctrines. His journals were suppressed, and he was himself denounced, but died while in hiding in 1792. His writings display learning and research, and are enlivened by a keen and caustic wit. He published in 1780 an analysis and refutation of Buffon's Epochs of Nature, and some other works.—J. T.
ROZE, Nicholas, Chevalier, an illustrious philanthropist, whose memory has been immortalized by the courage and devotedness which he displayed during the prevalence of the plague at
