Marseilles in 1720. He was born in 1671, and was descended from a family of merchants who had acquired a high reputation for their probity and successful enterprise. During the war of the succession in Spain, young Roze, who was at the head of a mercantile house in Alicante, displayed extraordinary zeal and courage on behalf of Philip V., and received from Louis XIV. a present of ten thousand livres, with the cross of St. Lazarus, as an acknowledgment of his brilliant services. He was subsequently appointed to the office of consul at Modon in the Morea, and happened to return to Marseilles in 1720, at the same time that a ship, on board of which the plague was raging, entered the harbour. The infection soon spread into the town, and excited the greatest terror among the citizens. The Chevalier Roze, whose courage and activity were well known to his fellow-townsmen was appointed commissary-general of the infected quarter. He immediately established a hospital for the reception of the sick, provided it with all necessary remedies, presided over the arrangements, administered the medicines with his own hands, and by his courage and coolness inspired confidence in all around him. At the head of a body of convicts he visited the houses in the plague-stricken district, promptly removed the dead bodies, and caused them to be carefully interred. Notwithstanding his constant exposure to infection he escaped uninjured, and lived for thirteen years afterwards to enjoy the grateful esteem and affection of his townsmen. He died in September, 1733.—J. T.
ROZIER, François, a distinguished writer on agriculture, was born at Lyons in 1734, and died in the same city in 1793. He was director of the school of agriculture at Lyons. He subsequently went to Paris, and in 1771 he commenced the publication of the Journal de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle. He purchased a domain at Beziers. He was the author of a valuable work in 10 vols., entitled "Cours d'Agriculture."—J. H. B.
ROZIÈRE, Louis François Carlet, Marquis de la, a distinguished French general and author of military works, was born in 1733, and was descended from a family originally from Piedmont, but which settled in France during the fifteenth century. He entered the army as a volunteer in 1745, and served in Italy and in Flanders. In 1752 he was sent to the East Indies, and was employed in fortifying the Isle of France, and in drawing up a plan for its defence. After his return to France he served throughout the Seven Years' war, commanded a division of artillery at the battle of Rosbach, fought at Sunderhausen, Bergen, Minden, Cassel, &c., and distinguished himself by several gallant exploits. In 1761 he was taken prisoner, and spent three months at the head-quarters of Frederick the Great, by whom he was held in high esteem. After the re-establishment of peace he was employed in making military surveys of the coast of France, and in drawing up plans for the defence of its harbours. He undertook, at the instance of the government, a history of the French wars in the reigns of Louis XIII., XIV., and XV., compiled from the despatches of their generals and ministers, but the publication of this important work was prevented by the Revolution. The marquis quitted France in 1791, along with the brothers of Louis XVI. and other nobles, acted as minister of war to the emigrant court at Coblentz, and took part in the campaign of 1792. Two years later he passed over to England, and acted as quartermaster-general to the troops destined for the expedition to La Vendée. Shortly after he entered the service of Russia with the rank of major-general, but in 1797 he was induced by advantageous offers to transfer his services to the court of Portugal. He spent several years in that country, reforming its war establishment, founding a staff, inspecting its coasts and frontiers, and devising plans for their defence; and died at Lisbon in 1808. The Marquis de la Rozière was the author of "The Campaign of Marshal de Créqui in Lorraine and Alsace in 1677;" "The Campaign of the Prince of Condè in Flanders in 1674;" "The Campaign of Marshal Villars and of the Elector of Bavaria in Germany in 1703;" "The Campaign of the Duke de Rohan in the Valteline in 1635;" "A Treatise on War in general," &c.—J. T.
RUBENS, Peter Paul, was born at Siegen in Westphalia, on the 29th of June, 1577, the day of St. Peter and St. Paul, whence his names. His father, John Rubens, a lawyer, was a native of Antwerp, but was forced by the religious disturbances of the time to emigrate, and he took his family in 1568 to Cologne. In 1571 he got into trouble at Siegen, where he was arrested and thrown into prison. To Siegen, the birthplace of the great painter. His wife followed him, and there established her family. In 1578 the family again settled in Cologne, where John Rubens died in 1587, and his widow (born Mary Pypeling) returned with her children to her native city, Antwerp. There is a fine portrait, said to be of this lady, by her son, in the Dulwich gallery; but it does not look like the work of a young painter of three and twenty. His mother destined Rubens for his father's profession of the law, but he had set his heart upon being a painter. Adam von Noort was his first master of importance; but his chief studies were made in the school of Otto van Veen, better known as Otho Venius, with whom Rubens worked four years. He was enrolled a master in the corporation of St. Luke in 1598. In the spring of 1600 he went to Italy, and at Mantua entered the service of Vincenzo Gonzaga, who in 1605 employed the painter on a diplomatic mission to Madrid, to Philip III. of Spain. Rubens spent some time also in Rome, in Venice, and at Genoa, leaving portraits wherever he went. He returned to Antwerp from Genoa in the autumn of 1608, hastening home to see his mother, who was then very ill, but he did not arrive until after her death; he does not appear to have seen her for upwards of eight years. It was the intention of Rubens to return to Mantua, but having been appointed their court painter by Albert and Isabella, he decided upon remaining; and on the 13th of October of this year (1609) he married his first wife, Isabella Brant, by whom he had two sons, educated by the painter's friend, Gevartius. In 1610 he built himself a house at Antwerp. In 1620 he visited Paris by the invitation of Maria de' Medici, and there received the commission for the series of magnificent pictures relating to the marriage of that princess with Henri IV., for the decoration of the palace of the Luxembourg. These works, now in the Louvre, were not completed until 1625, and were chiefly executed by the scholars of Rubens; most of the original sketches by the painter himself are now in the gallery at Munich. In 1626 the painter lost his wife; but in 1630 he married Helena Fourment, a beautiful girl only in her sixteenth year, the daughter of his first wife's sister; by her he had five children; and she survived him and married again. In 1628 Rubens was sent on a second diplomatic mission to Spain by the Infanta Isabella, now a widow, to the king, Philip IV.; and in the following year he was sent on a similar mission to England. In 1630 he received the honour of knighthood from two kings—from Charles I. of England and Philip IV. of Spain. After a life of almost unrivalled splendour and success as a painter, he died, possessed of immense wealth, at Antwerp, on the 30th of May, 1640, and was buried with great pomp in the church of St. Jacques. A portion only of his collections produced by private sale, after his death, the then comparatively enormous sum of upwards of £20,000 sterling. Rubens' works are extremely numerous; altogether nearly four thousand pictures and sketches are attributed to him; many of them are of course copies, and many others are studies or works by some of his numerous scholars. The prints after his works amount to about twelve hundred, and there are a few etchings by his own hand. Of his many scholars or imitators the most eminent are Vandyck, Diepenbeck, Van Hoeck, Van Thulden, G. Zegers, Jordaens, Suyders, and Erasmus Quellinus. Rubens had scarcely a rival in history or portrait, in landscape or in animal painting. His greatest points are his extremely masterly execution and his magnificent colouring; his weakest was his taste for form; his figures, as a general rule, being wholly devoid of refinement in that respect, and perhaps rarely even without great faults in their proportions, but they are often grand in character and always full of life and vigour. Some of his mere portrait heads are perhaps as perfect as such things can well be. Of his large altar-pieces, and they are many, the famed "Descent from the Cross," at Antwerp, is generally considered the masterpiece. He is still seen to great advantage at Antwerp, in the various churches and in the Academy; and he is also well represented at Brussels; but it is at Munich alone that he is seen in all his glory. Here are a great saloon and a cabinet, full of his works, amounting in all to ninety-five, including the remarkable composition of small figures known as "The Last Judgment." The London National gallery also possesses several masterpieces by Rubens, as "The Judgment of Paris," "The Rape of the Sabines," "Peace and War" (presented to Charles I. when the painter was in England), "The Brazen Serpent," and a "Landscape, Autumn," with a view of the chateau de Stein, the residence of Rubens, near Mechlin. Sir Joshua Reynolds has pronounced Rubens "perhaps the greatest master in the
