he accompanied the duke of Wellington to Paris to confer with the allied sovereigns, and there he made the acquaintance of the niece of his chief, the beautiful Miss Wellesley Pole, whom he soon afterwards married. At Waterloo he discharged the duties of his old post, and was riding slowly with the duke of Wellington from the battle-field when a stray shot shattered his right elbow, and rendered necessary immediate amputation of the arm. On his recovery he went to Paris as secretary to the British embassy, and remained there until the army of occupation was withdrawn, when the duke of Wellington was appointed master-general of the ordnance, and Lord Fitzroy Somerset resumed the functions of military secretary, accompanying the duke to the congress of Vienna, and in his mission to St. Petersburg. When Wellington in 1827 was made commander-in-chief. Lord Fitzroy Somerset became military secretary at the horse guards, retaining the post until the death of his old chief in 1852, and declining the governor-generalship of Canada, offered him in 1845. On the death of the duke, he succeeded the late Lord Hardinge as master-general of the ordnance, and was raised to the peerage as Baron Raglan. In his new office he exerted himself successfully to promote the efficiency of the artillery, and it was chiefly through his exertions that the war with Russia found that arm of the service in a condition of comparative strength. On the breaking out of the war, he was appointed commander-in-chief of the British expeditionary army in the East. It was at his instance that Eupatoria was chosen as the point of debarkation in the Crimea; and at the Alma he not only showed all his old gallantry, but decided the victory by bringing, at the critical moment of the action, a couple of guns to bear on an immense mass of Russian infantry, which broke and fled. Had Lord Raglan's advice been followed, the victory of the Alma might have been succeeded by the capture of Sebastopol; but in the pursuit of the enemy, which he recommended, the French general, St. Arnaud, refused to join. For his share in the victory of the Alma, Lord Raglan was created a field-marshal. At Inkermann, as at the Alma, by skilfully bringing to bear on a battery which decimated our troops a couple of siege-guns, Lord Raglan is said to have helped to decide the result of the terrible conflict, and after Inkermann, he recommended, as after the Alma, the following up of the success by pursuing the flying enemy and an immediate assault on Sebastopol; but again he was thwarted by his French colleague. Through the disastrous winter of 1854-55 the British army suffered severely from the deficiency of supplies of all kinds, and for whatever had been l eft undone or was misdone, a powerful section of the English press endeavoured to make Lord Raglan responsible. He struggled bravely with the difficulties of his position, laboured indefatigably to improve it, and, if he was denounced at home, his own army appreciated his efforts. Unshaken in all emergencies, he "threw upon those who conversed with him the spell of his own undaunted nature." As the condition of the English army improved, the numbers of the French force were largely increased, and this made Lord Raglan more than ever dependent on the co-operation of his allies. The failure of the general assault of the 18th June, 1855, is ascribed to Pelissier's departure from the plan agreed on, and his insisting on an advance at daybreak instead of waiting for an hour or two until the enemy's fire might have been silenced by a preliminary cannonade. However this may be, the failure of the assault painfully affected even "the cheerfullest man in all the camp," the English general, and the news of a family bereavement deepened the mental depression which made him an easy prey to disease. An attack of diarrhœa speedily ended in cholera, and after an illness of a few days. Lord Raglan died at his headquarters before Sebastopol, on the 28th of June, 1855. In private. Lord Raglan was beloved for his amiability, as he was respected for his moral qualities. When Canrobert and Pelissier went to visit his remains, "they stood by the bedside and wept." By an act of parliament passed in 1855 an annuity of £1000 was settled on his widow, and another of £2000 on his son and successor, the present peer.—F. E.
RAGOTZKY or RACOCZI, Francis Leopold, Prince of Transylvania, was born in 1676, near Patack. While residing on his estates in Hungary, he was arrested in 1701 on suspicion of having fomented an insurrection of the Hungarian peasants. He escaped from prison by aid of his wife, and took refuge in Warsaw. After enduring the vicissitudes of a fugitive's life for two years, he placed himself at the head of a new insurrection in Hungary in 1703, and for a period of five years maintained the popular cause against all the power of Austria. In 1708 his forces were completely routed at Trenczin, and in 1710 he quitted Hungary for Poland, whence he retired to France. From this asylum he was driven in 1717, at the request of the Austrian government, and he died at length in 1735 in Radosto, near the sea of Marmora, where he had dwelt under the protection of the grand seignior.—R. H.
RAGUENET, François, French man of letters, was born at Rouen about 1660, and, embracing the ecclesiastical profession, became a tutor in the family of the Cardinal de Bouillon. He accompanied the cardinal to Rome in 1698, and on his return published a description of its artistic treasures, and gave great offence to his countrymen by asserting in another treatise the immense superiority of Italian music over their own. He died in retirement in 1722. He wrote lives of Oliver Cromwell and of Turenne, besides the publications already referred to.—W. J. P.
RAGUSE. See Marmont.
RAHBEK, Knud Lyne, whose name is so conspicuous in the literary history of Denmark during the latter part of the previous century and the commencement of the present, was born at Copenhagen on the 18th of December, 1760. After receiving the usual university education he undertook, in 1782, a tour to Germany and France, from which he returned in 1784. Always ardently attached to literature, and especially the drama, his desires were in the first instance gratified by his appointment, in 1790, to the professorship of aesthetics in the university of Copenhagen; and in the second, by his nomination as director of the theatre in 1809. Rahbek was an unwearied author, and wrote on a variety of subjects. As a poet it must be admitted, he never exhibited any peculiar excellence, except in his drinking songs and similar light effusions; but in the field of criticism his powers were felicitously developed, and the services he rendered to Danish literature as editor of the Spectator and the Minerva are truly incalculable. Struggling talent found in him a warm and generous friend, and men of cultured intellect a sympathizing and revered companion. His residence was the gathering-place of the literary celebrities of Copenhagen, and famed for its genial hospitality. Rahbek died at a ripe old age on the 22d April, 1830. His wife, the loved and gifted Camma Heger, predeceased him by about a year.—J. J.
RAHEL. See Varnhagen von Ense.
RAIBOLINI. See Francia.
RAIKES, Robert, one of the founders, if not actually the first promoter of Sunday schools, was born in Gloucester, September 14, 1736. His father was a printer, and conducted for many years the Gloucester Journal. The son derived a handsome income from the same source. Mr. Raikes, like Howard, began his career of philanthropy by endeavouring to mitigate the sufferings of the prisoner and captive. While thus employed he became fully convinced that ignorance was one of the main causes of crime, and that the persons most needing instruction could not be taught on the ordinary days of the week. He resolved, therefore, to try the experiment of collecting together on the Lord's day the children of the poorest classes. From this little seed sprang the mighty Sunday school system. In 1763 the Rev. Theophilus Lindsey, vicar of Catterick in Yorkshire, established a Sunday school, and other similar attempts had been made by pious individuals; but until Raikes arose, and was assisted by the Rev. Thomas Stock, at that time curate of St. John's, Gloucester, no organized plan existed for the founding and extending of Sunday schools. The Gentleman's Magazine for 1784 contains a letter written by Mr. Raikes to Colonel Townley, a gentleman of Lancashire, which furnishes the particulars of the origin of the scheme. Mr. Raikes' business led him to observe a group of ragged children playing in the street, who were given up to unrestrained riot on the Sabbath day. Four decent women in the neighbourhood who kept dames' schools were applied to and consented to receive these children on the Sunday, whom they were to instruct in reading and the Church Catechism. The women were to be paid each a shilling for their day's work. Mr. Stock visited the schools on a Sunday afternoon, and examined the progress that was made. Many of the little ragamuffins not only learned to say their catechism, but voluntarily attended early morning prayers at the cathedral. This latter excited general interest. Applications for further information on the subject to Mr. Raikes poured in from every quarter, and in a short period Sunday schools were established
