and was even thrown into prison. On his liberation he retired to Berne, and afterwards to Geneva, where he officiated as a regular pastor. He then became court-preacher to his patron Henry IV., and accompanied him as chaplain during the wars of the League. On Henry's reconciliation with Rome, he returned in 1589 to Geneva, where he laboured as a pastor, and held a Hebrew professorship, till his death in 1591. Two years after his death, his works were collected and published in Paris; and at Geneva in 4 vols. folio, 1615. He wrote with great power and learning against the Jesuits—"Sophismata F. Turriani Monachi;" "De sacramentali manducatione corporis et potu sanguinis Christi in sacra cœna;" "Histoire des persecutions et martyrs de l'eglise de Paris," &c.; "De legitima vocatione pastorum;" "Opera theologica," &c. Sadeel was often called Chandieu.—J. E.
SADELER, the name of a family of Flemish engravers, of whom the following are the most eminent:—John Sadeler was born at Brussels in 1550. He was brought up to his father's business of damascening, or engraving iron and steel in patterns, and inlaying it with gold or silver; but having studied the figure, he, when about twenty, began to engrave on copper. His early plates, chiefly from German designers, were hard and meagre in manner; but he went to Italy, and there acquired a much freer and better style. In all, he engraved nearly two hundred plates. His best are scriptural subjects, after Bassano, Caravaggio, Van Orley, &c., in which there are peculiar effects of light and shadow. He also engraved many portraits, and some landscapes. He died at Venice about 1600.—Raphael Sadeler, younger brother and scholar of John Sadeler, was born at Brussels about 1560. He assisted his brother in many of his plates; but about one hundred and fifty bear his own signature. Several of these are from his own designs, but the best are those after Jan van Achen, and Martin de Vos. He engraved with much spirit and freedom, and his best prints are highly esteemed. He is said by some authorities to have died at Venice in 1617, while others say he removed to Munich, and died there in 1628.—Giles or Egidius Sadeler, brother or nephew, and scholar of John and Raphael Sadeler, was born at Antwerp in 1570. He was by far the best engraver of the family. He designed and drew with spirit and facility; engraved with firmness, clearness, and precision; and was free from stiffness in manner. His prints embrace almost every variety of subject. Some, including scriptural and classical subjects, and a series of fifty-two views of Roman antiquities, are from his own designs: others are after Raphael and other great Italian masters, or Albert Dürer and other German and Netherlandish artists; and many are portraits. In all there are two hundred and thirty-one plates by him. Giles Sadeler went to Prague at the invitation of the Emperor Rudolph II., and continued to be patronized by his two successors. He died at Prague in 1629. There was a succeeding generation of Sadelers, engravers, but their works are of little value.—J. T—e.
SADLEIR, Francis, D.D., Provost of Trinity college, Dublin, born in 1774, was the son of a barrister, and belonged to a Tipperary family, an offshoot from that which produced Sir Ralph Sadleir (of the State Papers), Queen Elizabeth's chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster. In 1833 Dr. Sadleir was appointed, with the primate and other dignitaries, to recommend alterations and amendments in the laws relating to the temporalities of the Irish church. He was one of the first commissioners selected to administer the funds for the education of the poor of Ireland, an office which he continued to hold until within a few months of his death. In 1835 he published a pamphlet, "The National Schools of Ireland defended in a letter to the Rev. Dr. Sharpe;" and in 1837, during the marquis of Normandy's viceroyalty, this "accomplished scholar and amiable man," as he is described, was appointed provost of Trinity college, Dublin. He is said to have refused a mitre, preferring to retain his provostship. Dr. Sadleir was an upholder of the Queen's colleges, established by the late Sir Robert Peel, and died at Dublin in December, 1851.—F. E.
SADLER, Anthony, an English divine who lived in the seventeenth century, was a native of Wiltshire, was educated at Oxford, and took there his degree of D.D. After the Restoration he was appointed one of the royal chaplains. Dr. Sadler was the author of a "Divine Masque," several tracts and sermons, &c. He died in 1680.—J. T.
SADLER, John, styled in a letter of Oliver Cromwell's, Adjutant-general Sadler, was rather a man of letters than a military leader, though distinguished in both capacities. He was born in Shropshire in 1615, and educated at Emanuel college, Cambridge. He entered Lincoln's inn, and was made a master of chancery in 1644. In 1649, when he was appointed town-clerk of London, he published an excellent work on the ancient constitution of the government of England under the title, "Rights of the Kingdom, or Customs of our Ancestors." The following year he served under Cromwell in Ireland, capturing the castles of Pulkerry, Ballopoin, Granny, and Donkill. Cromwell would fain have rewarded him with the office of chief-justice of Munster, but Sadler declined. He was elected member of parliament. At the Restoration he was deprived of his offices; and losing much property in the Great Fire, he retired to Warmwell in Dorsetshire, where he died in April, 1674.—R. H.
SADLER, Michael Thomas, a political economist and philanthropist, was born at Shelston in Derbyshire on the 3rd of January, 1780, and was educated by Mr. Harrison, a schoolmaster at Doveridge. In his eighteenth year he exhibited the religious tone of his mind by publishing a pamphlet in defence of the Methodists, against an attack made on them from the pulpit by the vicar of the parish. He had a love for poetry, which misled him into writing verses which he thought might be published, a poetical version of the Psalms being his favourite scheme. In 1800 he removed to Leeds, where, in conjunction with an elder brother Benjamin, and subsequently with Mrs. Fenton, a widow, he engaged in the linen trade with success. He took an active part in the proceedings of local benevolent societies, wrote for the tory newspaper, and always advocated the cause of the poor. In the great election for Yorkshire of 1807 he ardently supported Mr. Wilberforce. In 1816 Mr. Sadler married Miss Fenton, and began to show himself at public meetings as a politician and speaker. He opposed catholic emancipation and reform, and he digested his benevolent opinions into a sort of system, the main feature of which was antagonism to Ricardo, Malthus, M'Culloch, and the severe logicians of political economy. In 1828 he published his views in a work entitled "Ireland, its Evils and their Remedies," which was originally written as part of a more comprehensive work on the "Law of Human Increase," intended as an antidote to Malthusian principles. The following year he was returned to parliament as member for Newark, and after the passing of the catholic relief bill, which he opposed, he distinguished himself by proposing measures for the relief of the agricultural labourers, of factory, and other operatives. He lost his seat in 1832, and, returning to Belfast in Ireland, died there in July, 1835.—R. H.
SADLER, Sir Ralph, one of the most trusted counsellors of Queen Elizabeth, was born in 1507 at Hackney, where his family had been settled for some time. The habits of business he learned from his father procured him a situation under Thomas Cromwell, earl of Essex, through whom he became known to King Henry VIII., and was made successively clerk of the hanaper, one of the gentlemen of the privy chamber, and a knight. In 1537 he was sent on an embassy to Scotland, to neutralize as far as possible any harm that might threaten English interests by the union of James V. to Madeleine of France. Two years later he was sent there again, to endeavour to counteract the intrigues of Beaton. He was also the negotiator of the projected match between Prince Edward of England and that infant, Queen Mary of Scotland, towards whom in later life he stood in a much more painful relation. The king in 1541 had granted him the manor of Standon in Hertfordshire, and named him by will one of the sixteen nobles who were to form a council of regency during the minority of Edward VI. When Protector Somerset made war on Scotland, Sadler accompanied the army as treasurer, and was present at the battle of Pinkie. In the reign of Philip and Mary he retired into private life; but, on the accession of Elizabeth, he resumed the functions of a statesman and diplomatist in parliament, in the privy council, and in various important embassies. His special knowledge of the affairs of Scotland, rendered his presence in that country of great value to Queen Elizabeth. In 1560 he brought about the treaty of Leith, which bound Elizabeth and the Scottish protestant nobles together. In 1568 he was one of the commissioners appointed to try Mary Queen of Scots, and was appointed her keeper at the castle of Tutbury in 1584. Having incurred serious blame for allowing the royal captive to accompany him on his hawking excursions, he was relieved from his office of gaoler. After Mary's execution he was sent to appease the expected wrath of her son, King James. He died on the 30th of March,
