his courtship. At length he was appointed to the professorship of history in the university of Jena with a salary of two hundred rix-dollars. This income, combined with his other resources, seemed sufficient for the humble wishes of the happy pair, and they were united in 1790. For some years before Schiller had been deeply engaged in the study of history, in order that he might impart to his poetical creations a stronger air of reality, and also, perhaps, with a view to the chair which he was now summoned to fill. In 1788 he had published the "History of the Revolt of the Netherlands," an incomplete work. His "History of the Thirty Years' War" was published in 1791. Both of these works show that Schiller had a genius for fact, not much inferior to his genius for fiction. How he might have acquitted himself as a historical lecturer, we are not in a position to decide. His room was crowded, but his success seems to have been doubtful. But this must be considered, that his health broke down, and he had to remit the active duties of his calling before he had a sufficient trial, and before his preparations were complete. Schiller became seriously ill in 1791, and his health was never afterwards restored, although he continued during the remaining years of his life to work out his literary projects with an unabated ardour which no disease, but only death, could subdue. It was indeed, during these years of pain that his genius soared its noblest flights and executed its grandest achievements. Then were produced "Wallenstein" and "Mary Stuart," the "Maid of Orleans," the "Bride of Messina," and "Wilhelm Tell." The year 1797 is especially memorable in having witnessed the composition of the greater part of the "Poems of the third period." These pieces, the ballads in particular, are scarcely surpassed by any poetry in the world. It is interesting to remark how greatly superior the poems of this date are to those of the first and second period; for this shows how sedulously Schiller had cultivated his talents, and that the excellence of his writings was, perhaps, as much due to the steady training by which he had disciplined his mind, as it was to the great powers with which he had been endowed by nature.
From 1791 to 1799 Schiller resided principally at Jena, although incapacitated for the active duties of his professorship. The generous tribute of admiration which came to him from far Denmark must not be passed over without notice in this slight sketch of his life. Two Danish nobles, the Count Ernest von Schimmelmann, and the Prince Christian von Holstein Augustenburg, having heard of his illness, tendered to him, with expressions of enthusiastic esteem, a pension of a thousand dollars to last for three years, in order that no means which could bring back his health might be left untried. Such munificence, so kindly offered, the poet of course gratefully accepted. It enabled him to face work before which even he, with all his heroism, might otherwise have succumbed. The summer-house at Jena in which—during the watches of the night, and with a flask of Rhenish beside him "to cheer but not inebriate"—his finest tragedies were composed, is still shown, we believe, as an object of interest to travellers; and unless the people of Jena are Vandals, it is likely to be preserved for long as a national temple of the muses.
Schiller's latter years from 1799 to 1805 were, by the advice of his physicians, spent at Weimar. His intimacy with Göthe, how these two great minds acted and reacted on each other to their mutual advantage, how by their joint efforts they brought the art of theatrical representation to the highest pitch of perfection in this elegant little capital, are well known, and have been already recorded in this work.—(See Göthe.) In 1804 Schiller's malady, pulmonary consumption, increased. His last illness came on in April, 1805. He died on the 28th day of that month, with these words upon his lips, that "death could be no evil because it was universal, and that many things were now becoming plain and clear to him." His life has been written by Hoffmeister, Schwab, and Madame von Wolzogen; and in this country, by Carlyle and Sir E. Bulwer Lytton—J. F. F.
SCHILTER, Johann, a German jurist and antiquary, was born in 1632 at Pegau, near Leipsic. In due course he became a member of the consistory at Jena, but by domestic misfortunes was obliged to resign office, and removed to Frankfort-on-the-Maine, and afterwards to Strasburg, where he died 14th May, 1705. Among his works his "Thesaurus Antiquitatum Teutonicarum," ed. by Scherz, enjoys the greatest fame. We also note his "Exercitationes ad Libros Pandectarum," his "Institutiones Juris Canonici," and his "Institutiones Juris Publici Romano-Germanici."—K. E.
SCHINKEL, Karl Friedrich, a distinguished German architect, was born at Neu Ruppin in Brandenburg, March 13, 1781. He was apprenticed to David Gilly, a respectable architect in Berlin; and was employed in the latter portion of the term to superintend some of Gilly's buildings. When out of his time, not finding employment in his profession, he made designs for workers in metal and decorative artists generally, and thus saved enough to study for two years in Italy. On his return to Berlin in 1806, he found, from the disturbed state of public affairs, that there was little occupation for an architect, and he therefore turned his attention to painting. His sketches made in Italy and Sicily furnished the materials for landscapes, for scenery for the theatres, and for a panorama of Palermo. He thus found means of comfortable support, whilst he diligently pursued his architectural studies. The peace of 1815 brought the opportunity he had long desired. His work at the theatre had made him known to the king, for whom he had already prepared a design for a national cathedral, but which had not been carried out, and he was now called upon to design several public edifices. Of these the first in importance was the Royal museum, a spacious structure (281 feet by 182, and 62 feet high), with a chief façade, of which the distinctive feature is a row of eighteen lofty Ionic columns, in-antis. This building, which was completed in 1829, was long regarded with something like veneration as nearly the first modern application of a Greek order in its purity. Even in that respect it was perhaps overrated, but it is beyond doubt a noble edifice. Other buildings erected by him in Berlin were the theatre; the principal or royal guard-house, in which he aimed to reproduce an ancient castrum; the observatory; the academy of architecture, &c. All these were more or less Hellenic in character; some severely so. In the Werder-kirche he attempted to reproduce the old German Gothic, but without much success. At Potsdam he erected the church of St. Nicolas, the Charlottenhof, and the Krzescowice Schloss. Out of Prussia, his chief work was the theatre at Hamburg. Schinkel designed a great many buildings which were never erected. The national cathedral has been mentioned; but Frederick William III., and his successor, were constantly suggesting schemes for the artistic improvement of the capital, to which Schinkel was required to give a definite form, but which, from economical or other reasons, were never proceeded further with. These designs embraced monuments, as well as buildings. Some of them Schinkel gave to the world in his "Entwurfe," along with full details of his completed works. The drawings of many of the others are preserved in the Schinkel museum—an extraordinary collection of his architectural and decorative designs, sketches from nature, studies for monuments, frescoes, &c.—contained in the Berlin architectural academy, itself one of his favourite designs. Among his unrealized designs made for foreign countries, one was for the royal palace at Athens, laid aside as on too costly a scale; another for a summer palace proposed to be erected by the empress of Russia at Orianda in the Crimea. Schinkel was appointed architect-in-chief to the king (Ober-Landes-Bau-Direktor), in 1839; but he was already suffering from disease of the brain, and after lingering for above a year in a state of imbecility, he died October 9, 1841.—J. T—e.
* SCHLAGINTWEIT, Adolph, Hermann, and Robert, commonly called the brothers Schlagintweit, German travellers and men of science, sons of an eminent oculist of Munich, were born in that city, Hermann in 1826, and Adolph in 1829. Adolph and Hermann first became known by the publication in 1850 of a joint work, "Untersuchungen über die physikalische Geographie der Alpen," in which they embodied the result of three years' personal exploration of the Alps. During its execution, they were befriended at Berlin by the great Humboldt. After a visit to Great Britain, and further investigations into and authorship on the physical geography of the Alps, they were recommended by the king of Prussia, at Humboldt's instance, to persons of influence in England, and were sent by the directors of the East India Company on a scientific mission to India. One of the chief objects of this mission, in which the Royal Society co-operated, was to complete the magnetic survey of India, commenced in 1846 by the late Captain Elliot. The three brothers—the youngest, Robert, being now associated with the eldest two—left England in 1854, and Adolph was killed at Kashgar in August, 1857. Of their elaborate work, entitled "Results of a scientific mission to India and High Asia, undertaken between the years 1854 and 1858," vol. i. was pub-
