called to the chair of politics at Göttingen. He now renounced his Asiatic project, and began to display an astonishing literary activity. His favourite study was that of the history of the north, of which he may justly be termed the father. His "Universal History of the North," 2 vols., and his edition of Nestor the Russian chronicler, 5 vols., were the works which established his fame. At the same time he distinguished himself as a political writer by his "Correspondence," 10 vols., and his "Staatsanzeigen," 18 vols. His stay in Russia had filled him with such an extreme hatred of arbitrary power, that he considered it a sacred duty to wage a literary war against all sorts of tyrannical oppression and abuses. Nevertheless, a Russian order and patent of nobility were conferred upon him, 1804. In 1805 he retired from all business, and died September 9, 1809.—K. E.
SCHLOSSER, Friederich Christoph, an eminent German historian, was born at Jever, 17th November, 1776. He was the youngest of twelve children, and had in consequence to be brought up on scanty means. After the premature death of his father, he was educated by some relatives in the country, and then became an alumnus of the gymnasium in his native town. In 1793 he was entered of the university of Göttingen, where he devoted himself to the study of theology, but with still greater energy to that of history, literature, and philosophy. For some years he was employed as private tutor by Count Bentinck at Varel, and then went to Frankfort-on-the-Maine in the same capacity. A mastership in the Jever gymnasium, which in 1808 was conferred upon him, he resigned shortly afterwards, as it threatened to break off his historical studies. He hastened back to Frankfort, where in 1812 he was appointed professor at the Lyceum, and two years later, librarian to the city. At length he was called to the chair of history at Heidelberg, 1817, the duties of which office he most honourably discharged till his death, 23rd September, 1861. University life was indeed that to which he was destined by nature. Schlosser had commenced his literary career by some valuable monographs, viz., "Abelard and Dulcin," Gotha, 1807; "Lives of Beza and of Peter Martyr Vermili," Heidelberg, 1809; and a "History of the Iconoclastic Greek Emperors," Frankfort, 1812. The two classic works, however, on which his fame rests, are his "Universal History," 4 vols., 1817-24, a popular abridgment of which has been recently published, with the author's assistance, by Kriegk; and his "History of the Eighteenth Century," every new edition of which was remarkably improved and largely increased. The peculiar excellence of these works lies in their impartiality, their thorough earnestness, and moral import. Their solid and vast research, and classic narrative, are no less admirable. Conjointly with Bercht, Schlosser also edited the Arckiv für Geschichte und Literatur, 5 vols.—(See Gervinus, Nekrolog Schlosser's, Leipsic, 1862.)—K. E.
* SCHMERLING, Anton Ritter von, Austrian statesman, born in Vienna in 1805, studied law at the university of that city, and in 1829 entered the judicial service of Austria, in which he rose rapidly. He was early distinguished, not only as an able lawyer, but an active member of the estates of Lower Austria. An earnest opponent of Metternich and his system, he was sent to Frankfort, after the Vienna revolution of 1848 and the fall of that statesman, to represent Austria in the consultations respecting the reorganization of the political system of Germany. Then and afterwards he combated Prussia's claim to the leadership of Germany, and when the Archduke John became Reichsverweser, Schmerling, at once constitutionalist and pro-Austrian, was appointed minister of the empire (Reichsminister). Opposed to revolution and repressing émeutes, he had to struggle against both ultra-liberalism and Prussianism, and resigned office in December, 1848. He afterwards led the Austrian party in the Frankfort national assembly, which he quitted when it decided for the leadership of Prussia in Germany. In July, 1849, he was appointed Austrian minister of justice; but not satisfied with the policy of the Schwartzenberg ministry, he resigned in January, 1851, and accepted the presidency of the highest Austrian tribunal. In 1860, however, when the emperor of Austria decided on bestowing a constitutional government on his subjects, Schmerling accepted the imperial invitation to organize and preside over the workings of the new system as minister of state.—F. E.
SCHMIDT, Christoph, a German writer, was born at Nordheim, 11th May, 1740. He studied law at Göttingen, where he took his degrees. For some time he was professor in the Caroline college at Brunswick, but in 1779 he was appointed a counsellor and keeper of the archives at Wolfenbüttel, and in 1784 he received the title of aulic councillor. He is the author of several works upon Russia, and of others upon historical subjects. He died in 1801.—D. W. R.
SCHMIDT, Erasmus, an eminent scholar, was born at Delitzsch in Misnia in 1560. For many years he was professor of Greek and mathematics at Wittemberg. His edition of Pindar, and his "Commentary on the New Testament," are both esteemed. He died in 1637.—D. W. R.
SCHMIDT, Johann Andreas, a Lutheran divine, born at Worms in 1652, was the author of about a hundred publications. One of these is entitled "Arcana dominationis in rebus gestis Oliverii Cromwelli." He died in 1726.—D. W. R.
SCHNEIDER, Conrad Victor, a learned physician, was born at Bitterfield in Saxony in 1610. He was the author of numerous works, which are chiefly compilations. He is, however, best known by his treatise De Catarrhis, Wittenb., 1660. In this work he proved by anatomical demonstration, that the mucous discharge in catarrh is furnished by the lining membrane of the cavities of the nose, and that it does not flow, as had been previously supposed, from the brain through apertures in the ethmoid bone. The discovery has been rewarded by the membrane in question receiving from anatomists the name of Schneiderian. Schneider was for many years professor of medicine at Wurtemburg. He died there in 1680.—F. C. W.
SCHNEIDER, Johann Gottlob, a distinguished German philologist, was born at Collmen, near Wurzen in Saxony, in 1750. After completing his education in the universities of Leipsic and Göttingen he proceeded to Strasburg, in order to assist Brunck in the publication of his Greek Poets. In 1776 he was appointed to the chair of ancient languages at Frankfort-on-the-Oder, and in 1811 he followed the university in its removal to Breslau. He died January 12, 1822. He was an excellent teacher and a laborious scholar. He published valuable editions of Xenophon, Vitruvius, Theophrastus, and others. Of almost greater importance, however, was his critical Greek Dictionary, on which that of Passow was afterwards founded.—K E.
SCHNEIDER, Dr. Johann Christian Friedrich, a musician, was born at Waltersdorf in Saxony, January 3, 1786; he died at Dessau in 1854. Though comparatively unknown in England, he held a high reputation in Germany, his oratorio "Das Weltgericht" having been very widely acknowledged as a masterpiece; since his death, however, the great popularity of this work has faded, and the fame of its author has much declined. His father, Johann Gottlob, was born in 1753, followed the trade of a weaver, but devotedly fond of music, gave up his craft to adopt this as a profession in 1774; was appointed organist at Gersdoif in 1787; formed the musical character of his three sons, witnessed the recognition of their talent throughout Germany, and died in 1840. Friedrich Schneider, as he is usually called, entered the gymnasium of Zittau in 1798; he had already given remarkable proofs of musical ability, which had been cultivated by his father, and he was now in a condition to take full advantage of the instruction of Schönfelder in counterpoint, and of Unger on the organ. In 1803 he met with a patron, whose exertions to make his merits known proved a valuable encouragement to him; especially, this friend procured the publication of three pianoforte sonatas of the young musician, which brought him favourably before the notice of the world. Schneider became a student at Leipsic university in 1805; and in 1807 was appointed organist of that institution. He now associated much with Schicht and Rochlitz, and profited from the theoretical learning of the former and the critical discernment of the latter. He was engaged in 1810 as musical director of an operatic company that migrated between Leipsic and Dresden, in which office he was succeeded by the gifted Hoffmann. Schneider was appointed organist of St. Thomas' church in 1813, and in that capacity wrote many of his Psalms and other ecclesiastical pieces. On the opening of the new theatre in 1817, he was engaged as musical director, and there produced several of his dramatic overtures, and also that constructed upon the tune of God save the King. He composed "Das Weltgericht" in 1819, the great success of which has already been mentioned. Schneider gave up his appointments at Leipsic to accept that of kapellmeister to the duke of Anhalt Dessau in May, 1821. He added much to his fame by his second oratorio, "Die Sündfluth," written in 1824; "Das verlorne Paradies" was composed for and performed
