conspirators, sustained the courage of his men, and by his masterly dispositions, with an effective force of only five thousand men, kept at bay an army four times as numerous, and at length brought back his troops into Ulster without the loss of a flag or a gun. In the following year he was killed at the battle of the Boyne.—J. T.
SCHOMBERG, Henry de, Count and Marshal of France, a distinguished statesman and general, was born in 1583. He was descended from an ancient family originally from Misnia. His father, who was governor of La Marche, and died in 1599, served with distinction under Charles IX., Henry III. and IV. His son, when only seventeen years of age, took part in a campaign in Hungary. He was subsequently appointed to several important civil offices, was governor of Limousin and ambassador to England and Germany in 1616. In the following year he distinguished himself in Piedmont against the Spaniards. In 1619 he was appointed to the charge of the financial affairs of the kingdom. He took a prominent part in suppressing the insurrections of the Huguenots, and commanded the artillery at the sieges of St. Jean d'Angely and Montauban. In 1620 he was rewarded for his eminent services with the baton of a marshal of France, which the jealousy of Richelieu prevented his receiving at an earlier date. He displayed most brilliant courage at the famous siege of Rochelle in 1627, and contributed greatly to foil the attack of the English on the Isle of Rhé. His services were next transferred to Piedmont. He was severely wounded at the memorable battle on the Suza (1630), but soon afterwards made himself master of Pignerol and relieved Casal. In 1632 he was sent against the insurgents in Languedoc, commanded by the dukes of Orleans and Montmorency, whom he completely defeated at Castelnaudary, and took the latter prisoner. As a reward for his brilliant services, Schomberg was appointed governor of Languedoc, but he died soon after in his forty-ninth year. Marshal Schomberg was a man of considerable learning, and was the author of a "Relation of the War in Italy," &c., 1630, which has passed through several editions.—J. T.
SCHOMBURGK, Sir Robert Hermann, an eminent German naturalist and traveller, was born at Fribourg in Prussia, on 5th June, 1804. He was the son of the Rev. John F. L. Schomburgk, a German protestant minister in Thuringia. He devoted his attention early to natural history, and travelled extensively in pursuit of the science. In 1831 he visited the West Indies, and in 1835 he proceeded to explore Guiana. He encountered many dangers and difficulties, but successfully grappled with them, and gave the results of his researches in a splendid work, entitled "Views in the Interior of British Guiana." The Royal Geographical Society awarded him a gold medal for his travels and discoveries; and he received also the honour of knighthood. The university of Königsberg conferred on him the degree of doctor of philosophy, and he was elected an honorary member of many learned societies in Europe. Besides his description of British Guiana, he also published an account of the physical geography of the Peninsula and bay of Samaná in the Dominican republic. He discovered the splendid water lily, Victoria regia, in the lagoons connected with the Berbice river in Demerara. He died on the 11th March, 1865. An orchidean genus has been named Schomburgkia.—J. H. B.
* SCHOOLCRAFT, Henry Rowe, a famous American traveller, was born 28th March, 1793, at Hamilton in Albany, New York, the son of Colonel Lawrence Schoolcraft, the manager of extensive glass-works in that place. In conformity with an early predilection for art, he was apprenticed to a portrait painter, whose service he soon quitted to enter that of a house painter, and ere long to abandon painting altogether in order to devote himself to literature and science. At the age of fifteen, after exercising his talents both in prose and verse as a contributor to the newspapers, he entered Union college, where he completed his education. The philosophy of languages had previously engaged his attention, and he now, besides studying mineralogy, taught himself Hebrew, French, and German. In 1816 he commenced the publication of his work entitled "Vitreology," which, however, was discontinued. In the following year he undertook the first of those journeys, the scientific and especially the philological results of which have conferred upon him an enduring celebrity. His account of the "Mines and Mineral Resources of Missouri," 1819, which was the principal fruit of this first journey, led to his appointment as geologist to the exploring expedition under General Cass, despatched by the government in the spring of 1820 to the sources of the Mississippi. In the following year an account of another journey was published, with the title of "Travels in the Central portion of the Mississippi Valley." Apppointed by President Monroe agent for Indian affairs in the north-western province, and provided with a residence at the foot of Lake Superior, he there married Miss Jane Johnston, the daughter of an Irish gentleman, who had married the daughter of a famous war sachem, Wa-bo-jeeg. Miss Johnston, educated in Europe, had derived from her mother an intimate acquaintance with the Indian language and traditions, and with her enthusiasm for these matters her husband was easily smitten. At this point, accordingly, we find him forsaking the field of natural science to enter upon the domain of philology and ethnography, in which he has won a larger and nobler fame. Any detailed account of his labours in these departments of knowledge must be sought elsewhere (there is one prefixed to his "Thirty Years with the Indian Tribes")—we can only mention his two most famous works, the "Algic Researches," from which Longfellow derived the story of Hiawatha; and the great "Historical and Statistical Information respecting the History, Condition, and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States, collected and prepared under the direction of the Bureau of Indian Affairs," &c., the first volume of which appeared in 1850, and three others at intervals since. Schoolcraft is a member of many learned societies, and in 1846 became an LL.D. of the university of Geneva.
SCHOOREL, Jan van, a Dutch historical painter, was born at Schoorl, near Alemaar, in 1495, and learned painting under Mabuse at Utrecht. He received also some instruction from Albert Dürer at Nürnberg. From Nürnberg, perhaps by the advice of Albert, Schoorel went to Venice, where he spent some time, and was completely captivated by the large manner of the Venetian masters. From Venice he made a journey to Rhodes and Jerusalem; and upon the election of his countryman Adrian Florent, as Adrian VI., to the papal chair in 1522, he ventured to try his fortune in Rome, where he studied the antique and copied Raphael. Adrian, though no lover of the arts, received Schoorel kindly, gave him some commissions for pictures, and appointed him keeper of the Belvedere gallery; the Dutch pope, however, died in 1523. Schoorel lost his patron, and at once returned to his own country, where he died at Utrecht, December 6, 1562. Schoorel was the first of the Dutch painters to introduce the Italian style into Holland. He was one of the first painters to pay much attention to landscape. He was the master of Antoni Moro, and was himself a good portrait painter. He was also a musician and a poet, and could converse in five languages. Francis I. of France invited Schoorel to his court, but the Dutch painter preferred liberty at home.—(Van Mander, Leven, &c.; Catalogue du Musée D'Anvers, 1857.)—R. N. W.
SCHOOTEN, Frans van, a Dutch mathematician, celebrated chiefly as the teacher of Huyghens, was born at Leyden in 1581, and died on the 11th of December, 1646. He held the professorship of mathematics in the university of Leyden, in which he was succeeded by his son Frans, who died in 1661, and by his grandson Peter, who was born on the 22nd of February, 1634, and died on the 30th of November, 1670.—W. J. M. R.
SCHOPENHAUER, Arthur, a distinguished German philosopher, was the only son of Johanne Schopenhauer. He was born at Dantzic, 22nd February, 1788, and while a boy accompanied his parents on their travels through France and England. In 1809 he was entered of the university of Göttingen, where from the study of natural history he passed to that of philosophy. From Göttingen he proceeded to Berlin, where he heard Fichte; then took his degree as Ph.D., at Jena; and passed a winter at Weimar, where he was honoured with the acquaintance of Göthe. During the year 1818 he wrote at Dresden his opus magnum, "Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung," and in the autumn of the same year undertook a journey to Rome and Naples. After his return he began lecturing at Berlin, but soon desisted, and at length settled at Frankfort-on-the-Maine, where he lived till his death on 21st September, 1860, in complete literary retirement. He never was married, and enjoying a sufficient competency, gave himself up to the life of a recluse. His only occupation was to revise and complete his philosophical system, for which he augured a deserved success after his death; for opposed as it was to all other systems, it was left unnoticed during his life. According to him all existence is based not on the intellect or thoughts, but on the will. As a peculiar distinction of his writings
