classic conventionalism in which contemporary sculpture was fast bound. But from the number of his works they are necessarily unequal; and from the way in which they were executed, the execution is often inadequate to the conception.—J. T—e.
SCHWARTZ, Berthold, a German Franciscan monk, is often described as the inventor of gunpowder, an honour to which he has little claim that can be demonstrated. His real name is said to have been Constantine Ancklitzen; Berthold being his monastic name, and the surname of Schwartz (black) being given him from his devotion to chemical, or as they were then thought, magical operations. Almost everything about Schwartz is uncertain. According to some he was a monk of Mayence; according to others, of Nuremburg. The place where he invented gunpowder is variously stated to have been Cologne and Goslar. The date of the invention was 1330, in one account; earlier and later in others. Tradition says that he was thrown into prison for addiction to magic, and that there he pursued his chemical labours until he invented gunpowder. The composition of gunpowder is well understood to have been known to Roger Bacon, for instance, long before the time of Schwartz. Possibly, however, Schwartz made gunpowder more available for practical purposes. A monument was erected to him at Freiburg in 1853.—(Conversations Lexikon.)—F. E.
SCHWARTZ, Christoph, German painter, was born at Ingolstadt in Bavaria about 1550. He studied painting in his native place, and then went to Venice where he remained several years. On his return to Bavaria he became court-painter to Duke Albert V., and took up his abode at Munich, where he died in 1594. Schwartz formed his style at Venice on that of Titian and Tintoretto, and his pictures were more remarkable for strength of colour than originality or beauty of composition or expression; his countrymen, however, designated him the German Raphael. He painted frescoes in several of the churches, and on the exterior of some houses in Munich. Of his oil pictures the best examples are a Virgin and Child in the gallery of Munich, and an Entombment in that of Düsseldorf—J. T—e.
SCHWARTZ, Christian Friedrich, one of the most successful missionaries of the eighteenth century, was born 26th October, 1726, at Sonnenburg in Neumark, and received his early education in Cüstrin. The reading of A. H. Francke's book, entitled "The Footsteps of the still living and all-overruling God," in which he gave an account of the wonderful way in which he had been helped by the providence of God to rear up the orphan house of Halle, made a deep impression upon his opening mind, which had been early brought under the influence of religious feeling; and he resolved to go to Halle to see what had been accomplished there with his own eyes. This was in 1746. There he met with a fellow-countryman, a missionary, who had shortly before returned from India, who advised him to devote himself immediately to theological study, with a view to the ministry. He followed his counsel, devoted himself solemnly to the service of God, and became a student of Francke's, and a teacher in the Orphan house. Having been induced to study the Tamul language, in order to assist in the correction of a Tamul Bible which was then passing through the press of the Orphan house, he made so great progress that at the end of three months he was invited to prepare himself for the missionary field of India. Having obtained his father's consent, he accepted the offer, and repaired with two other missionaries, in 1749, to the mission college of Copenhagen, where they all received ordination. In London they were kindly received by the Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge, who paid the cost of their voyage to India; and in 1750 they entered upon their mission on the Coromandel coast. For sixteen years he resided chiefly at Tranquebar in connection with the Danish mission established there; but at the end of that time, in 1766, he connected his labours with the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, and in this connection he continued for the rest of his life. In 1765 he had erected a church and school at Tritchinopoly, and to that town he now removed, uniting with his missionary charge the office of chaplain to the British garrison. From that station he operated upon other points, especially upon Tanjore, which he frequently visited, and where he earned for himself by his high and consistent character the confidence of the rajah, Tulia Maha, who governed that city under the protection of the British power. His visits to Tanjore became more frequent after 1779, when an additional missionary was sent to his aid in Tritchinopoly; and in 1779 he obtained permission from the rajah and the sanction of the Madras government to erect a church for the accommodation of the converts. In 1784 the numbers of his congregation had increased so much, that he had to erect an additional church in the suburbs of Tanjore, which he did chiefly at his own expense. In 1785 he originated a scheme for establishing English schools in the country, and several schools were set agoing in Tanjore and other places, which were attended chiefly by the children of the upper classes. But he was disappointed in his hope that these seminaries would aid in the conversion of the natives, and the training of indigenous missionaries. The direct teaching of Christianity in truth formed no part of their plan, and this palpable defect was no doubt the cause of his disappointment. His faithful preaching of the gospel, and his admirable exemplification of its spirit in his own pure, disinterested, and thoroughly consistent life, were crowned with greater success. Their effect was slow, but progressive. The mission steadily and at last rapidly grew under his hand, numerous congregations sprung up in the country villages, and additional missionaries were established, not only in the older stations of Tranquebar, Tritchinopoly, and Tanjore, but at Cuddalore, Vepery, Negapatam, and Palamcotta, by all of whom Schwartz was loved and revered, and habitually addressed as a father. He took an enlarged view of his mission, and considered it his duty to promote the temporal as well as the spiritual interests of the natives, in so far as he had opportunity; and such opportunities were not wanting to him. In repeated instances, especially in the later part of his life, he lent the benefit of his influence and services both to the Madras government and to the native princes, when "by so doing," to use his own words, "he hoped to prevent evil, and to promote the welfare of the country." He was no stranger either to the court or to the camp; and it has been well remarked, in regard to the transactions of a secular kind in which his sense of duty impelled him to engage, that "his known probity and truthfulness won for him the confidence of three most dissimilar parties, a suspicious tyrant (Hyder Ali), an oppressed people, and the martial and diplomatic directors of the British empire in India." These transactions, however, were viewed in some quarters with dislike, and laid him open to the suspicion of political collusion and personal ambition. Bishop Heber himself went to India with these impressions; but on visiting Southern India, the scene of Schwartz's fifty years' labours, he found ample reason to be convinced that they were erroneous. "I used to suspect," says he, "that, with many admirable qualities, there was too great a mixture of intrigue in his character—that he was too much of a political prophet, and that the veneration the heathen paid and still pay him was purchased by some unwarrantable tamperings with their prejudices. I find I was quite mistaken. He was really one of the most active and fearless, as he was one of the most successful missionaries, who have appeared since the apostles. To say that he was disinterested in regard of money is nothing; he was perfectly careless of power, and renown never seemed to affect him, even so far as to induce an outward show of humility. His converts were between six and seven thousand, besides those whom his companions and predecessors in the cause had brought over." He died at Tanjore, February 13, 1798, and was buried in the mission church, where a marble monument by Flaxman was erected to his memory by the young rajah, who had been reared to manhood under his care, and secured in possession of his inheritance by his watchfulness and influence with the British. Memoirs of his life and correspondence, by Dr. Pearson, were published in 1834.—P. L.
SCHWARTZENBERG, Karl Philip von, Prince, an Austrian field-marshal, was born at Vienna in 1771. He entered the army at seventeen, was in three campaigns in Turkey, and rose rapidly to the rank of lieutenant-colonel. He early distinguished himself in the war with revolutionary France, was at the battle of Quievrain in 1792, at the taking of Altenkirchen in the following year, and with his regiment of Zeschwitz cuirassiers, and some twelve English squadrons, performed a great exploit at Troisville, near Cambray, in April, 1794, when he routed some twenty thousand French under General Chappuis. The French general was taken, together with his staff and thirty-two pieces of ordnance, and Landrecies was given up to the allies. In 1796, Schwartzenberg's gallantry in the battle of Wurtzburg was rewarded with the rank of major-general. In 1801 he was sent to St. Petersburg to congratulate the Emperor Alexander I. on his accession, and succeeded in restoring a better feeling between the two courts than had recently prevailed. In 1805 he was
