1830 appeared two dramas, "Letters on Demonology," the fourth series of the "Tales of a Grandfather," and the second volume of the "History of Scotland." The liquidation of his debts meanwhile proceeded steadily and rapidly. In the course of four years his works had yielded nearly £70,000, and ultimately as he had promised, his creditors received every farthing of their claims. But now that the goal was in sight, the noble-minded athlete sank exhausted on the course. In February, 1830, he had an attack of an apoplectic nature, which caused him to fall insensible on the floor. He fancied, however, that he had completely recovered from its effects, and resumed his tasks with unabated diligence. To obtain even more time for his literary toils he resigned his clerkship on a retiring allowance, and fixed his permanent residence at Abbotsford. "Count Robert of Paris" and "Castle Dangerous," the fruit of his labours at this period, will be read with no feeling but that of compassionate respect by those who know that they were composed after the author had sustained three or four strokes of apoplexy or palsy, or both combined, and when he was tortured by various attendant ailments—cramp and rheumatism, daily increasing lameness, and gravel. He was at length persuaded to abandon literary exertion, after another severe shock of his disease in April, 1831, and in October of that year a ship of war, handsomely placed at his disposal by the government, conveyed Sir Walter first to Malta, and then to Naples. He spent about four months in Italy, and for a time seemed to enjoy the change of scene, and to entertain cheerful views about his health. But at last his impatience to reach home became so great, that his companions were forced to travel with a rapidity which must have injured him, but which they could not control. He reached London in June, 1832, completely exhausted, and after the lapse of a few weeks was conveyed to Abbotsford, almost in a state of unconsciousness. He remained in this condition, with a few occasional gleams of sense, till the 21st of September, when the scene gently closed. Sir Walter breathed his last in the presence of all his children. "It was a beautiful day," says Lockhart, "so warm that every window was wide open, and so perfectly still that the sound of all others most delicious to his ear, the gentle ripple of the Tweed over its pebbles, was distinctly audible as we knelt around the bed, and his eldest son kissed and closed his eyes." Five days later the remains of Sir Walter were laid by the side of his wife, in the sepulchre of his ancestors, in the old abbey of Dryburgh. The great poet's ambition to found a family sleeps in his tomb. His only surviving descendant is his great-granddaughter. Miss Hope Scott.—J. T.
SCOTT, William. See Stowell.
SCOTT, Winfield, General, commander-in-chief of the American Federal army, was born near Petersburg, Virginia, U.S., on the 13th of June, 1786. He was descended from a Scottish lowland gentleman, engaged in the rebellion of 1745, and who after Culloden took refuge in America. Educated for the profession of the law, he was admitted to the bar in 1806, but in 1808 became a captain of light artillery in the augmented American army. In the war of 1812-14, between England and America, Scott rose to be a brigadier-general, and was stationed on the Niagara frontier. He commanded the advance brigade at the battles of Chippewa and of Lundy's Lane, highly distinguished himself at both, and was severely wounded. For his services he was made a major-general, and received the command of the tenth military district, of which Washington was the head-quarters. Assigned to the eastern department in 1823, he commanded in the Black Hawk war of 1831, and was sent to the south on a confidential military mission by General Jackson during the nullification-crisis of 1832. In 1841 he was called to command the army of the United States, and in 1846 it was he who, after taking the command of the army in the field, finished the Mexican war, entering the city of Mexico as a conqueror on the 14th of September in that year. Commander-in-chief of the Federal army on the breaking out of the civil war in America, Scott resigned after the disastrous battle of Bull's Run. He then proceeded to Paris, but returned home when the news of the Trent affair reached Europe, and occupied his time in composing his "Memoirs." He died in 1866.—F. E.
SCOTUS, Duns. See Duns.
SCOTUS, Joannes. See Erigena.
SCOUGAL, Henry, an eminent Scottish theological writer, was the son of Patrick Scougal, bishop of Aberdeen, and born in June, 1650, at Salton, East Lothian. The piety of his young spirit was early developed, and during his course of study in King's college, he excelled his compeers in all departments. On taking his degree he was chosen assistant to one of the regents, and in 1669, at the age of nineteen, he was appointed a professor. But his youth and inexperience were against him, and his class fell into serious disorder. He then accepted a rural pastoral charge, but after a year's residence was recalled to the chair of theology in 1674. His inaugural thesis "De Objectu cultus religiosi," was printed and greatly applauded. His principal work "The Life of God in the soul of man" was published in 1677 anonymously, and edited by Bishop Burnet. It is a record of experimental piety, of his own soul's fellowship with God, in its desires and hopes, its prayers and raptures, its aspiration and perfect peace. The work at once became popular, and soon went through many editions. In 1735 it was reprinted with "New Discourses on Important subjects," and in 1740 with "Occasional Meditations." Scougal survived the publication of this work only about a year, and died at the early age of twenty-eight on June 13th, 1678. A black marble tablet with a Latin inscription is erected to his memory, on the north side of the chapel of King's college. He bequeathed his books to the college library, and a sum of five thousand merks to augment the salary of his successors. He also left in MS. various works, and composed a beautiful morning and evening service for the cathedral of Aberdeen.—J. E.
SCRIBE, Augustus Eugène, the most prolific and one of the most popular of recent writers for the stage, was born at Paris on the 24th of December, 1791. His father, a successful silk-mercer, died when he was young, and he was educated for the bar, but deserted the study of law for dramatic authorship. His first piece, written in conjunction with Germain Delavigne, a brother of the well-known dramatist, was played in 1811, but it was not until 1816 that he achieved a decided success. From that time to his death piece followed piece in a ceaseless succession from his pen, or at least under his name, and a very large fortune was the result of his unfailing popularity. Scribe's dramatic productions are to be numbered by the hundred, if not by the thousand. To satisfy the demands made upon him he expanded the system of "collaboration" already at work in France, and established a dramatic factory with numerous operatives under him, to whose productions he often merely contributed the plan or a few finishing touches. As a dramatist. Scribe shone in the vaudeville; his dialogue was light and sparkling; his plots interesting; and his characters, if never striking, represented with agreeable vivacity and good taste the many-sided social life of Paris. "Adapted from the French," very many pieces of Scribe's have been performed on the English stage without spreading a knowledge of his name. Scribe also wrote the libretti for numerous operas, among them Fra Diavolo, the Huguenots, the Prophet, and L'Etoile du Nord. He was admitted into the French Academy in 1834, and died on the 20th February, 1861.—F. E.
SCRIBONIUS, Largus Designatianus, a Roman physician who lived in the reigns of Tiberius and Claudius. Little is known of his life beyond the fact, that he accompanied the Emperor Claudius in his campaign in Britain. He was the author of a work on materia medica, "De Compositionibus Medicamentorum," which is curious as giving an account of the remedies used by the ancients. It has been disputed whether he wrote in Latin or Greek, as he is quoted by Galen who does not generally mention Latin writers. The Latin of Scribonius is frequently barbarous; but it may well be supposed that medical practitioners in Rome were not always adepts in style. Scribonius was a great collector of the remedies of other authors, but paid but little attention to their fitness for particular diseases. His work has been several times printed. The best edition is by Rhodius, Palav., 1655, 4to.—F. C. W.
SCRIMZEOR or SCRIMGER, Henry, a learned Scottish critic and scholar, was born at Dundee in 1506, and was descended from the old family of Scrimzeors, constables of that town, and hereditary standard-bearers of Scotland. He studied philosophy at St. Andrews, and civil law at Paris and Bourges. He was for some time private secretary to Bænetel, bishop of Rennes, with whom he travelled through Italy. On reaching Geneva on his way home, he was induced to accept of the office of professor of philosophy. He subsequently went to Augsburg, and took up his residence with Ulric Fugger, a gentleman of great learning and of a princely fortune. Returning to Geneva for
