sealed. Charles IX. offered him a retreat at Fontainebleau, and in his absence his home and library were pillaged. Returning to Paris afterwards, he resumed possession of his chair for a season, but he was a marked man. He then put himself under the protection of the prince of Condé, travelled into Germany, lectured at Heidelberg, and was saluted with the title of "Gallicus Plato." He came back to Paris at the end of the third civil war, and was reinstated in the college of Presles, the title of royal professor being preserved. Shortly after he perished in the massacre of St. Bartholomew. According to De Thou, it was his Aristotelian rival Charpentier who threw him from a window to the daggers of an infuriated scholastic rabble, which speedily despatched him with every cruel indignity. Ramus as an innovator did more good than as a rebuilder. Ramism was for a season popular in France, Germany, and England. Andrew Melville introduced it into the university of Glasgow. Milton, in 1670, published a system of logic on the method of Ramus, but the modified Aristotelianism taught by Melancthon ultimately prevailed. The principal functions of "Dialectique," according to Ramus, were first, the discovery of argument, or invention—argument meaning any term of a question; and secondly, the proper arrangement of them, or judgment, it having three degrees—axiom, syllogism, and method. Ramus has been followed in his chief heads by Gassendi and the authors of the Port Royal logic. Some of his assaults on the Aristotelians were furnished to him by Valla and Vives. His works are numerous. Besides those referred to are his "Ciceronianus," "Commentarius de Religione Christiana."—(The reader may consult Waddington Kastus De Petri Rami Vita, Scriptis, Philosophia, Paris, 1848.)—J. E.
RAMUSIO or RANNUSIO, Giambattista, collector of narratives of travel; born probably at Treviso, in the Venetian states, but of a family derived from Rimini, 1485; died in Padua, 10th July, 1557. He served his native republic in various foreign territories, and was rewarded by being appointed secretary to the Council of Ten, a post which, after a while, he appears to have resigned. His retirement in Padua gave him leisure to compile that vast collection of travels and voyages which fills three folio volumes; the materials amassed for a fourth were accidentally burned. This "Raccolta delle Navigazioni e de' Viaggi" contains some narratives not found in other collections, an Italian version written by Ramusio of such foreign compositions as he adopted, with dissertations from his own pen. The voluminous catalogue of his authors includes the names of Leo Africanus, Hanno, Amerigo Vespucci, Marco Polo, Giosafat Barbaro, Ambrosio Contarini, Paolo Giovio, Arrian, Hippocrates, Niccolò and Antonio Zeno, Oviedo, Diego Godoy, and Francisco Ulloa.—C. G. R.
RANCÉ, Armand Jean le Bouthilier de, reformer of the monastery of La Trappe, was born at Paris, 9th January, 1626. A nephew of Claude le Bouthilier de Chavigny, secretary of state, he had for his godfather no less a personage than Cardinal Richelieu. Taking his degree at the Sorbonne, he acquired distinction not only as a scholar and a preacher, but as a brilliant man of society. Various anecdotes are related concerning the change which took place in his character, but the most striking of them are also the most unreliable. Certain it is that he abandoned all worldly enjoyments, and introduced into La Trappe a rule of life from the austerity and severity of which he did not himself shrink. From 1662 to 1700 he thus mortified the flesh, and on the 27th October in the latter year he expired upon his pallet of straw. He left very numerous writings on theological subjects; but his chief literary fame still rests upon an edition of Anacreon, which he published at the age of fourteen. His life has been written by Châteaubriand, 1844.—W. J. P.
RANCONET, Aimar de, born at Perigueux, or, according to Menage, at Bourdeaux, where his father was an advocate. He adopted his father's profession, and after serving as counsellor to the parliament of his native city, became president of that of Paris. It is as a scholar, however, that he claims to be remembered. Greek and Latin he had studied profoundly; he was well skilled in Roman law, philosophy, mathematics, and antiquities. Towards the end of his life he was imprisoned in the Bastile, for what offence is not certainly known; and he died there in 1559. He left in MS. a work entitled "Le Trésor de la langue Françoise, tant ancienne que moderne," which was the foundation of the dictionaries of Nicot and Monet.—J. S., G.
RANDALL, John, an English divine, author of "Eleven Sermons on Romans viii.," 1623; "The Great Mystery of Godliness;" and several other works, was born at Missenden in Buckinghamshire; entered St. Mary hall, Oxford, in 1581; removed to Trinity college; and in 1587 became fellow of Lincoln college, two years afterwards taking his degree of M.A. After securing at the university a great reputation as a preacher, he became rector of St. Andrew Hubbard, Eastcheap, London. He died in 1622.—J. S., G.
RANDOLPH, John, son of Thomas Randolph, was born on 6th July, 1749, and was educated at Corpus Christi college. In 1776 he was appointed prælector on poetry, in 1782 regius professor of Greek, in 1783 regius professor of divinity, canon of Christ Church, and rector of Ewelme. In 1799 he was elevated to the see of Oxford, translated to that of Bangor in 1807, and to that of York in 1809. He enjoyed his last preferment only for a short time, for he was cut off suddenly by apoplexy on the 28th of July, 1813. Dr. Randolph published in 1783 "De Græcæ linguæ studio prælectio;" "Concio ad clerum" in 1791; also a "Sylloge Confessionum," with other minor pieces. Bishop Randolph was a man of learning, and of benevolence too, though under an austere deportment. He was characterized by firmness and exactness in the regulation of his successive dioceses.—J. E.
RANDOLPH, John, an eloquent but eccentric American and member of congress, was born in Chesterfield, Virginia, June 12, 1773, and became the representative of that state. He was distinguished by an affection for England not common among citizens of the United States, and prided himself in his descent from an old English family. His Anglomania was displayed not only in his dress and private conversation, but coloured his political conduct. He gave a bitter opposition to Mr. Madison's project for excluding British imports, and for forming an American navy, stigmatizing the ministry of 1815 as fools and madmen. He opposed the election to the presidency of Mr. John Adams. At the time of the celebrated Hartford convention, he had the good sense to dissuade the New Englanders from executing their rash threat of seceding from the Union. He was a witty and caustic speaker, and gave offence so often that his reputation as a terrible duellist was well earned. In 1825 he fought a duel with Mr. Clay, to whom he had applied some injurious epithet. In 1830 President Jackson appointed him minister at the court of St. Petersburg, but in a very short time he relinquished the post. He died in 1833.—R. H.
RANDOLPH, Thomas, Earl of Moray, a famous Scottish statesman and warrior, was sister's son of the great King Robert Bruce, whose cause he espoused at the outset, and was present at his coronation at Scone in 1306. He was taken prisoner at the battle of Methven, but his life was spared on the intercession of the brave Adam de Gordon, only on condition, however, that he should swear fealty to Edward. He fought on the English side for some time, but having been taken prisoner by Douglas in 1308, he was reconciled to his uncle, whom he ever after served with unshaken fidelity, and was rewarded with the earldom of Moray. A generous rivalry commenced between him and Sir James Douglas, and they vied with each other in performing the most daring exploits in expelling the English, and establishing the independence of Scotland. Randolph displayed conspicuous bravery at Bannockburn, where he commanded the Scottish centre. He took part in nearly every hazardous enterprise during the remainder of the War of Independence, and fought against the enemies of his country both in England and in Ireland. On the death of Robert Bruce, in 1329, Randolph was appointed regent of the kingdom during the minority of David II., and discharged the duties of that office for three years with great sagacity and vigour. He died suddenly at Musselburgh on the 20th of July, 1332, it was believed of poison administered by an English friar, on the eve of the invasion of the country by Edward Baliol and his faction. The eldest son of Randolph fell at the disastrous battle of Dupplin a few months after his father's death, and the male line of this heroic family ended in the younger son, who was killed at the battle of Durham in 1346. He was succeeded in his honours and estates by his sister, the countess of March, Black Agnes, as she was commonly called, immortalized by her indomitable defence of Dunbar castle.—J. T.
RANDOLPH, Sir Thomas, an English statesman and diplomatist, chiefly celebrated for his management of English interests in Scotland in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, was born in Kent in 1528. He received instruction from the learned George Buchanan, and proceeded to Oxford, where he took the degree
