Senefelder little profit, and other projects for the extension of the art proved equally unremunerative. Senefelder's establishment, however, had grown into importance, and numerous works, both pictorial and commercial, were issued from it; when in 1809 he was offered the post of director of the newly-founded royal lithographic office, with a handsome salary and permission to carry on his private business also. Thus placed at ease in his circumstances, he devoted the rest of his life to the improvement of his art. With the view of extending the knowledge of it he published (1818) "A Complete Course of Lithography," with numerous illustrations, and a preface by Herr Von Schlichtegroll, director of the Munich academy. This preface gives a full account of Senefelder's labours, and is the authority for whatever is known of the history of the invention. The work was translated into English (4to, 1819) and French, and had the effect of calling general attention to the new art. Lithography is now a very different thing to what it was in the hands of Senefelder, but he saw clearly its capabilities, and carried it forward to a degree of excellence remarkable in the circumstances; even the practice of using two or more stones so as to print in tints was employed by him.—J. T—e.
SEPPINGS, Sir Robert, a naval architect, was born in 1768. He was trained as a shipwright under the eye of Sir John Henslow, surveyor of the navy. His uneventful life was devoted to improving the art of shipbuilding, which is greatly indebted to him for the system of diagonal bracing and trussing, and the substitution of round for flat sterns in men-of-war. During a period of fifty years he successively filled the posts of master shipwright-assistant at Plymouth, master shipwright at Chatham dockyards, and surveyor of the navy. The opposition offered to his innovations by old builders and naval officers was counterbalanced by the official support of Mr. Charles Yorke, and the literary advocacy of Sir John Barrow in the Quarterly Review. Dr. Thomas Young, the mathematician, maintained the same views in the Philosophical Transactions, in which will be found also Seppings' papers on the construction of ships in the volumes for 1814, 1818, and 1820. The Copley Medal was presented to Mr. Seppings in 1814 by the Royal Society, the gold medal of the Society of Arts in 1804, £1000 by the admiralty, and the honour of knighthood by the crown. He died at Taunton, Somersetshire, on the 25th April, 1840.—(See the President's Address to Royal Society, 1840.)—R. H.
SEPTALIUS. See Settala.
SEPULVEDA, Juan Gines de, a Spanish scholar, born in 1490; died in 1574. He was appointed in 1536 chaplain and historiographer to Charles V., and tutor to his son, afterwards Philip II. He wrote a life of Cardinal Albornoz, and a reply to the strictures of Las Casas on the cruelties exercised towards the Indians, entitled "Democrates Secundus, seu de justis belli causis," &c. This latter work, however, was suppressed, and the same fate overtook another book, written in defence of it. He wrote likewise a treatise on fate and free will, in opposition to Luther; a treatise "De Ritu Nuptiarum et Dispensatione," and other works. A history of the reign of Charles V., another of Philip II., and a third of the Spanish conquests in Mexico, are still inedited. Sepulveda's works were reprinted in 1780, by the Academy of History.—F. M. W.
SERAPION of Alexandria, a physician of the sect of the Empirici. He lived in the third century b.c. Nothing is known of his life. Dr. Mead concluded that he was a pupil of Erasistratus, on the ground that his name occurs on a medal discovered at Smyrna, a town where the followers of Erasistratus lived. Serapion is mentioned by Celsus, Cœlius Aurelianus, and others. He extended the system of Philinus, which by some authors has been attributed to him. He also vehemently attacked the writings of Hippocrates. His own observations were principally directed to the discovery of remedies and antidotes, and this laid him open to the charge of neglecting dietetics made against him by Cœlius Aurelianus.—F. C. W.
SERAPION, a Syrian physician, of whose life nothing is known. He is quoted by Rhazes, and therefore lived before the middle of the tenth century. Two works are in existence bearing his name. One in MS., called "Aphorismi magni momenti de Medicina Practica," is to be found in the Bodleian library. The other entitled "Kunnásh," has been translated into Latin, and published several times under various titles. It contains an imperfect abridgment of the opinions of the Greeks and Arabians on diseases and their treatment. The first edition, translated by Gerardus Cremonensis, was published at Venice in 1479. Two editions of a translation by Andreas Alpagus appeared in 1488 and 1550. Alb. Torinus published the work under the title of Jani Damasceni Therapeutica Methodi, lib. vii., fol. iv., Basle, 1543.—F. C. W.
SERAPION, an Arabian physician, commonly called Serapion Junior. Nothing is known of his personal history. It is probable that he lived at the end of the eleventh century after Christ. His work "De Simplicibus Medicamentis" is characterized by Mr. Adams in the appendix to Barker's Lempriere as "one of the most important works of Arabic medical literature," and as containing "a useful compendium of all the most interesting information on this head in the writings of Dioscorides and Galen, with some additional remarks by himself and the older Arabic authorities. An Arabic MS. of this work exists in the Bodleian library. It was published in Latin at Milan in 1473, and again at Venice in 1552. Serapion Junior was long confounded with the preceding physician of that name, and consequently their works are frequently found printed together.—F. C. W.
SERASSI, Pietro Antonio, author, born at Bergamo, 1721; died in Rome 19th February, 1791. He professed belles lettres in his native Bergamo, and helped to re-establish there the Academy degli Eccitati, of which he became perpetual secretary. He has left a considerable number of biographical works; the chief of these is a "Life of Tasso," 2 vols. 4to, said to have occupied its author some twenty years.—C. G. R.
SERENUS, Aulus Septimius, a Roman lyric poet, contemporary of Martial. His poems, which were published under the title of "Opuscula Ruralia," have been lost, with the exception of a few fragments preserved by the ancient grammarians. The poems called Moretum and Copa have also been ascribed to Serenus.—J. T.
SERENUS, Samonicus Quintus, a learned Roman who flourished in the early part of the third century a.d., and was put to death by Caracalla in 212. He was the author of many learned works, but the only one that has been preserved is a medical poem, entitled "De Medicinâ præcepta saluberrima." The son of Serenus, who bore the same name, was tutor to the younger Gordian, and bequeathed to him the magnificent library which he had inherited from his father.—J. T.
SERGIUS I., Pope, was elevated to the papal see, 687. He was born at Palermo. When the council in Trullo, or Quinisextum, passed its canons, 691, Sergius diapproved of six, though his legate had concurred in them. Justinian, indignant at his opposition, sent Zacharias to arrest Sergius, and bring him to Constantinople, but failed in the attempt. At the synod of Aquileia, 698, he procured the condemnation of the works of Theodore of Mopsuestia, Theodoret, and a letter of Ibas of Edessa (the three chapters). The introduction into the mass of the Agnus Dei is usually ascribed to Sergius. He died 701.
Sergius II., Pope, a native of Rome, was elected pope, 844. He was crowned without the approbation of the Emperor Lotharius, who, therefore, sent his son and colleague Louis with an army into Italy. But the pope and other ecclesiastics received Louis with friendship, and crowned him king of Italy. The emperor's troops plundered and pillaged the neighbourhood of the capital to such an extent, that they were withdrawn at the pope's entreaty; after which the Saracens from Africa ravaged the same localities. Sergius died 847.
Sergius III., Pope, was elevated to the see by the Tuscan party, headed by Adalbert, marquis of Tuscany, 904. The relation of Sergius to Marozia, and Theodora her mother, was very discreditable to the parties. It is true that he attained to the dignity through their influence; but he lived in a state of concubinage with Marozia, and had a son by her, who afterwards became pope, as well as other children. He died 911.
Sergius IV., Pope, bishop of Alba, became pope 1009. He endeavoured to stir up the rulers of Italy to unite against the Saracens, who had taken possession of various parts of Italy, and died 1012.—S. D.
SERGIUS I., patriarch of Constantinople from 610 to 639, was a native of Syria. His memory has been preserved chiefly by the part which he took in the Monothelite controversy. Having been consulted by the Emperor Heraclius in 622, he declared that the adoption of an active will and a manifestation of will was not inconsistent with the received creed of the church. A violent controversy, however, subsequently arose on the subject, which was greatly inflamed by the conduct of
