giving himself at the same time to hard study. He was also labouring to perfect himself in composing sermons, and out of those early efforts sprang his many-volumed collection of sketches and skeletons. In 1788 he became junior dean of arts, and strove in many ways to benefit the academic youth. His sermons in the church, so different in theme and spirit from what had been customary, were sometimes rudely disturbed, but he bravely and firmly brought several offenders to apology and punishment. In 1790 he was elected vice-provost of the university, and discharged the duties of his office with impartial fidelity. Missions to the heathen, then a novelty, soon occupied his attention, and out of small beginnings arose the great missionary organizations of the church. His labours in the south were at this time diversified by two long tours in Scotland, during which he preached wherever opportunity occurred, and stirred up the opposition of the moderates or dominant party in the Church of Scotland. Henry Martyn and Henry Kirk White were specially cherished by him at the university—the former being for some time his own curate. The evangelical tone of his preaching was still subjecting him to rancorous opposition; and after thirty years of labour forty of his parishioners sent charges against him to the new bishop of Ely, who was unfriendly to him, but the matter came to nothing. Thereafter he continued his ordinary course, vindicating from Scripture and the Articles the correctness of his views, as circumstances required. His correspondence became extensive with a large number of friends and on a great variety of subjects—missions, controversy, spiritual advice, sickness, recovery, travel, and autobiography—and it is so full that for many years it constitutes in the volume of Mr. Carus an unbroken history of his life. For fifty-four years were his labours prolonged as vicar of Trinity church. After a period of suffering, caused chiefly by gout, he died November 13, 1836. Mr. Simeon during a long life exercised a marked influence on Cambridge, and on a large section of the ministers of the Church of England. His soul was devoted to evangelical doctrine, and his preaching was zealous and effective. His manners were sometimes peculiar, and he was occasionally irritable in small matters. But he possessed a generous heart, threw all his activities and resources into evangelical labours, and was ever set on doing good among all ranks of men, and over the world. His "Horæ Homileticæ," 21 vols., assumed their final form in 1832, and have had a great popularity. He prided himself on excellence in the art of composing sermons, even before he had read Claude's Essay; but many of the divisions of discourses in the "Horæ" are neither happy nor exhaustive.—(Life by the Rev. William Carus.)—J. E.
SIMEON, Metaphrastes, a distinguished Byzantine writer of the tenth century. He filled the office of chief secretary at the imperial court, and was on several occasions employed as ambassador to conduct difficult negotiations. Several of his writings are still extant in MS. The most valuable of those which have been published are—"Lives of the Saints," called also Metaphrases, i.e., adaptations of the more ancient narratives; "Annals of the Byzantine History," extending from about 813-960. The latter work has considerable value, being composed by a man of the world who was himself contemporary with most of the events which he describes.—G.
SIMEON, Seth, a Byzantine writer, flourished about the middle of the eleventh century. During his earlier life he was attached to the imperial court, in which he rose to some dignity. Subsequently he retired to a monastery, and passed the remainder of his days in literary pursuits. Some of his minor writings have been published, but by far the best of his works was his Greek version of the fables of the Sanscrit author Bidpai or Pilpay, the Hindoo Æsop. This book was brought to Persia from India about 550, by a Hindoo, who became physician to Chosroes I., surnamed Nushirwan. After a time it made its way to Constantinople in an Arabic version.—G.
SIMLER, Josias, an eminent protestant divine, was born at Cappell, near Zurich in Switzerland, November 9, 1530. He studied for several years at Zurich, Basle, and Strasburg. He was appointed professor of divinity at Zurich in 1563, and held this office till his death in 1576. Besides many treatises on theological subjects, he wrote commentaries on various portions of scripture.—D. W. R.
SIMMONS, Samuel Foart, M.D., was born at Sandwich in Kent on March 17, 1752. He was educated at a school in France, and afterwards, having chosen medicine as his profession, commenced its study at Edinburgh. After remaining there for three years he proceeded to Holland, and graduated in medicine at Leyden in 1776. His inaugural thesis was entitled "De Rubeolâ." He then travelled for some months, visiting Groningen, where he became acquainted with Camper; and Berne, where he formed a friendship with the celebrated Haller. On his return to England he determined to practise in Kent, and was accordingly admitted an extra licentiate of the College of Physicians. He soon after, however, changed his intention, and settling in London, was admitted a licentiate of the college, September 30, 1778. He became F.R.S. in 1779, and a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries in 1791. He was also a member of several foreign academies and scientific societies. In 1780 he was appointed physician to the Westminster dispensary, and in the following year physician to St. Luke's hospital. From this time to that of his death he restricted his practice to the treatment of the insane, and rapidly acquired high reputation and a considerable fortune in this branch of medicine. In 1803 he was called to take charge of George III., and in the following year received the appointment of physician extraordinary to the king. In 1811 he again, on the occasion of the king's relapse, was intrusted with the same charge. In that year he resigned his appointment at St. Luke's, and as a mark of their respect was elected by the governors consulting physician. He died in 1813, and was buried in the churchyard of St. Clement's, Sandwich, Kent. His writings were numerous. He was editor of the London Medical Journal, and of "Medical Facts and Observations." He was the originator and editor of the Medical Register. Besides papers in the Philosophical Transactions and Medical Commentaries, the following are some of his works—Elements of Anatomy and the animal economy, translated from the French of Person: London, 1775; "An Account of the Tænia, and the method of treating it, as practised at Morat in Switzerland," London, 1778; "On the Treatment of Consumption," London, 1780; "An Account of the Life and Writings of Dr. W. Hunter," London, 1783.—F. C. W.
SIMMONS. See Symonds.
SIMNEL, Lambert, a noted impostor, was born in 1472 at Oxford, where his father was a baker. When he was about fifteen years of age, a priest named Simon took steps to set up Simnel as a claimant for the throne, under the name of Edward Plantagenet, earl of Warwick, son of the duke of Clarence. There is reason to believe, however, that Simon was merely the agent of some influential partizans of the house of York, by whom the conspiracy was really planned. Having properly tutored his pupil, whose appearance was exceedingly prepossessing, Simon conveyed him to Ireland, which had long been zealously attached to the house of York. The young impostor was welcomed with the utmost enthusiasm by all classes of the people, including the lord-deputy himself; was lodged in the castle, crowned with a diadem taken from a statue of the virgin, and publicly proclaimed king, under the title of Edward VI. Having been joined by the earl of Lincoln and Lord Lovel, together with a body of two thousand veteran Germans under the command of Martin Swart, a brave and experienced officer, the insurgents resolved to make a descent upon England. They accordingly landed at Foudrey in Furness, Lancashire, and lost no time in marching southwards. They encountered the royal forces at Stoke, near Newark, and after a long and desperate combat were completely defeated. Their leaders perished in the battle, and Simnel fell into the hands of the king, who considering him too contemptible to be an object of resentment, pardoned and made him a scullion in the royal kitchen. He was afterwards made one of the king's falconers, and passed the rest of his life in obscurity.—J. T.
* SIMON, John, the medical officer of the board of health, lecturer on pathology at St. Thomas' hospital, and author of many valuable reports and various treatises of scientific value, was educated at King's college, London, and in 1838 was appointed assistant-surgeon at King's college hospital. In 1844 he became honorary fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, London. He was also elected a fellow of the Royal Society. In 1848 he received the newly-created appointment of medical officer to the city of London—a choice which he so fully justified by his thorough examination into the sanitary condition of the metropolis, and his able reports thereon (1848-55), that the government selected him in 1855 for the office he now holds. As a writer he has contributed papers to the Cyclopædia of Anatomy and Physiology, to the Philosophical Transactions,
