on the subject of rent. "I cannot think," says Hume, "that the rent of farms makes any part of the price of produce." It was reserved, however, for Ricardo to show the signal importance of the theory of rent in its bearings on the whole doctrines of political economy. The theory has since been fully expounded by Macculloch, J. S. Mill, and in particular by De Quincy in his Logic of Political Economy. The only other writings which Smith left behind him were some "Essays on Philosophical Subjects." These, which are for the most part fragmentary, were published in a quarto volume, to which is prefixed an account of the life and writings of the author, by Dugald Stewart. Lord Brougham, in his Lives of Men of Letters and Science, has published an able memoir of Adam Smith, accompanied by an elaborate analysis of his work on the wealth of nations.—J. F. F.
SMITH, Albert Richard, the son of a surgeon at Chertsey, was born there 24th May, 1816. He received part of his education at Merchant Tailors' school, and studied medicine at Middlesex hospital, and at the Hôtel Dieu, Paris. He obtained his diploma from the Royal College of Surgeons in 1838, and temporarily assisted his father in the practice of his profession, occupying his leisure in writing for various magazines, &c. Among the first of his contributions to serial literature were "Sketches in Paris" to the Mirror, and the "Confessions of Jasper Buddie, a dissecting-room porter," for the Medical Times. In 1841 he settled in London and commenced writing for Bentley's Miscellany, his first paper being a very spirited account of a "Rencontre with Brigands." In this year he also contributed a series of articles to Punch, and wrote a melodrama called "Blanche Heriot." The "Adventures of Mr. Ledbury," the "Scattergood Family," the "Marchioness of Brinvilliers," "Christopher Tadpole," and the "Pottleton Legacy," together with numerous tales, sketches, burlesques, and extravaganzas, following each other in rapid succession. In 1847, in conjunction with Angus Reach, he edited a new comic monthly periodical called the Man in the Moon, the publication of which ceased in the autumn of 1849. In that year Mr. Smith made a tour to the East, and on his return published his "Month at Constantinople," and commenced an entertainment entitled "The Overland Route." In March, 1852, he began another, "The Ascent of Mont Blanc," the success of which was greater than that of any similar performance ever given in this country, and which was continued with unabated popularity for six years. In 1858 he visited China, and founded upon his observations a new entertainment, which he continued to give almost up to the day of his death. He died May 23, 1860.—F.
SMITH, Charlotte, an English novelist and poetess, the daughter of Nicholas Turner, Esq. of Stoke, near Guildford, was born in 1749. She was married before she was sixteen to a West Indian merchant named Smith, by whom she had a numerous offspring. Her husband, either from inattention or ill fortune, became embarrassed in pecuniary affairs, and Mrs. Smith had recourse to literature in order to improve the fortunes of her family. Her first work was a volume of poems entitled "Elegiac Sonnets and other Essays," which was followed by a translation of a novel from the French of Abbé Prevost, and by a volume containing selections from Les Causes Celébres, which she styled "The Romance of Real Life." Her other works were—"Emmeline, or the Orphan of the Castle," which appeared in 1788; "Ethelinde," in 1789; "Celestina," in 1791; "Desmond," in 1792; "The Old Manor House," in 1793; "The Wanderings of Warwick;" "The Banished Man;" "Montalbert;" "Marchmont," &c.; in all thirty-eight volumes. She died October 28, 1806, at Telford, near Farnham, Surrey—F.
SMITH, Edmund, born in 1668, was educated at Westminster school, and Christ church, Oxford. He was the son of a Mr. Neale, but out of gratitude assumed the name of his guardian. His tragedy, "Phædra and Hippolitus," was once esteemed. Smith was dissolute, though learned. At his death in 1710 he left several unfinished works behind him.—D. W. R.
SMITH, Elizabeth, a highly-accomplished woman, was born in the county of Durham in 1776, and died in 1806. She was skilled in drawing and mathematics, and knew many of the ancient and modern tongues. Among her works are a translation of Job, and a life of the poet Klopstock.
* SMITH, Francis Pettit, the inventor of the most extensively used method of practically adapting the screw-propeller to the driving of ships, was born at Hythe in Kent on the 9th of February, 1808. The first published proposal of a screw-propeller on record is probably that of Daniel Bernoulli in 1752, in which two longitudinal rotating shafts carrying arms with oblique vanes were to be placed at the ship's sides, and driven by a steam-engine. The first screw-propeller actually used was that of Shorter, carried at the end of a shaft with a universal joint. It was patented in Britain in 1800, and used to propel H.M. ships Dragon and Superb for a short distance at a low speed in 1802. It was driven by men working a capstan. The first screw-propeller actually driven by a steam-engine was that of Stevens, who used it for a time in a passenger steam-boat running between New York and Hoboken in 1804, but soon abandoned it for the paddle. Various forms and arrangements of screw-propeller were afterwards proposed, and in some instances tried experimentally by different inventors; most of whom are mentioned and their inventions described in Mr. Bourne's work on the screw-propeller, Mr. Woodcroft's History of Steam Navigation, and the same author's abstracts of patents for marine propulsion. Mr. Stedman about 1809, and Messrs. Dick and M'Cririck a few years afterwards, may be named here amongst those inventors, because they are not mentioned in the works just cited. Amongst Watt's manuscripts is a sketch of what he called a "spiral oar," being a sort of screw-propeller. Mr. Smith's patent is dated the 3rd of May, 1836; and its chief distinctive feature consists in placing the screw-propeller in a recess or open space in the dead wood. The great convenience of that arrangement caused its rapid and extensive adoption, and was the means of bringing the screw-propeller for the first time into general use in practice.—R.
* SMITH, Goldwin, regius professor of modern history in the university of Oxford, was born in 1823, and is the son of a physician of Reading. Educated at Eton and at Oxford, he distinguished himself at the latter place of study, and was elected a fellow of University college. In 1850 he was called to the bar, but has never practised. He was assistant-secretary to the first, and secretary to the second Oxford university commission, and he contributed to the Oxford Essays a paper on "Oxford University Reform." In 1858 he was appointed regius professor of modern history at Oxford. Several of his professional lectures in history and its philosophy have been published. He is the author of "Rational Religion, and the rationalistic objections of the Bampton lectures for 1858," in which the doctrines of Professor Mansel are attacked as in their results subversive of all religion. This was published in 1861; and in the same year appeared his "Irish History and Irish Character," an expansion of a lecture delivered before the Oxford Architectural and Historical Society, and which closes with the statement that the established church of Ireland is "clearly a political evil." Prof. Smith is thus at Oxford a representative of advanced liberalism; and in his contributions to the metropolitan press he has advocated the severance of the connection between the mother country and the colonies, and even the surrender of Gibraltar.—F. E.
SMITH, Henry, called "the silver-tongued preacher," born at Withcote in Leicestershire in 1550, was lecturer of the church of St. Clement Danes, London. Though he was a scrupulous puritan, being patronized by Lord Burleigh he escaped prosecution. A collected edition of his works was published in 1675, with a memoir by Fuller prefixed. Wood thinks he died in 1593; Fuller says in 1600.—D. W. R.
SMITH, Sir Henry George, Baronet, was the son of a surgeon at Whittlesea in the isle of Ely, where he was born in 1788. He entered the army in 1805, and was present at the siege of Monte Video and the attack of Buenos Ayres. He also took part in the capture of Copenhagen, and subsequently served in Spain under Sir John Moore. He returned to the Peninsula in 1809, took part in the battle on the Coa, where he was severely wounded, and commanded the light brigade at the battles of Fuentes de Onoro, Salamanca, Vittoria, Orthes, Toulouse, &c.; and at the sieges of Ciudad Rodrigo and Badajos. When war broke out with America, General Smith was appointed assistant adjutant-general to General Ross; was present at the capture of Washington; acted as military secretary to Sir Edward Packenham, who fell at New Orleans; and afterwards to Sir John Lambert. He returned home in time to take part, as assistant quartermaster-general to the sixth division, in the campaign of 1815, and was present at the battle of Waterloo. He subsequently served as deputy adjutant-general at Halifax, Nova Scotia, and in the West Indies; was sent to the Cape of Good
