Hope, and commanded a division in the Caffre war of 1834 and 1835. He was next transferred to India, where he was appointed adjutant-general, and took part in the battles of Gwalior and Maharajpore, and was rewarded with the rank of K.C.B. for his gallantry in the latter action. He took an active part in the war against the Sikhs, commanded a division at Moodkee and the reserve at the battle of Ferozepore, relieved Loodianah, led the main charge with great gallantry at the battle of Aliwal, and assisted at the decisive victory of Sobraon, which secured the possession of the Punjaub to the British. For his distinguished services on these occasions he received the thanks of parliament and of the East India Company, and the cordial approbation of the duke of Wellington and Lord Gough; was presented with the freedom of the city of London; received the grand cross of the bath, and the dignity of a baronet. In 1847 he was appointed governor of the Cape of Good Hope, and brought to a successful termination the Caffre war of 1851-52. In 1854 he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-general, and subsequently held the military command of the northern and midland districts.—J. T.
SMITH, Horace and James, the joint authors of the "Rejected Addresses," were born in London—James in 1775, Horace in 1780. They were the sons of a successful attorney, who became solicitor to the ordnance, and who was a man of accomplishment, although he discouraged the early tendencies of James and Horace toward literature. James went into his father's office, and succeeded him as solicitor to the ordnance, an appointment of which he sedulously discharged the duties. Horace became a stockbroker, and a successful one. He was an early and generous friend of the poet Shelley. While young men, both contributed to periodicals, and in 1807 Horace even published a novel, "Horatio," but it was not until 1812 that they became famous as authors. In that year appeared the still well known "Rejected Addresses," eleven imitations in prose and verse, but chiefly in verse, of the principal authors of the time. They were supposed to be the productions of unsuccessful competitors for a premium offered by the committee of management for an address to be spoken at the opening of Drury Lane in 1812, after its destruction by fire in 1809. The address really spoken was written by Lord Byron. The idea of the volume is said to have been suggested by the secretary of the theatre, but the brothers had already been associated in the composition of a series of parodies published as "Horace in London." The "Rejected Addresses" were written in six weeks by the two brothers at a distance from each other, but each inspected before publication the contributions of the other. The majority of the parodies were by Horace, who was the author of one of the happiest of them, the imitation of Sir Walter Scott, which, however, the imitation of Crabbe by James rivals in felicity. The work was at once successful, and has gone through more than twenty editions, some of them of recent date. Content with this triumph, James Smith never attempted any thing elaborate afterwards, but he continued to contribute to the periodicals; and he wrote in 1820-21 some of the most successful of the elder Charles Mathews' entertainments. He was a great play-goer and a wit of London society, without ill-nature. He died in 1839. In the following year appeared his "Memoirs, Letters, and Comic Miscellanies, in prose and verse," edited by Horace, who between 1825 and his death in 1849 published several novels. The best of them is "Brambletye House," a tale of the civil war period. In 1846 appeared his "Poetical Works, now first collected." Latterly Horace Smith resided at Brighton, where he was an active supporter of the local charities.—F. E.
SMITH, James, of Deanston, mechanician and agriculturist, was born in Glasgow on the 3rd January, 1789. His father was a mechanic there, and died soon after the birth of James. His mother was daughter of James Buchanan of Careston in Stirlingshire. He received his education at the schools, and for one season in the college of his native town, and in both made respectable appearances. His uncle, Archibald Buchanan, was managing partner of the extensive cotton works at Deanston, near Doune, in the western district of Perthshire. This uncle had been a pupil of the celebrated Arkwright. He afterwards removed to Catrine in Ayrshire, where his nephew spent his holidays for one or two years after leaving college, and where he was scientifically inspired by his distinguished relative, to whom he paid the public tribute of being "a man of singular genius, sound judgment, and great application and perseverance." In thus delineating the character of his uncle, he was unconsciously portraying the leading features of his own. At the early age of eighteen he was in 1808 appointed manager of the Deanston cotton works. Kirkman Finlay, well known as a merchant in Glasgow, and an enlightened member of parliament, was one of the partners of the concern, and the warm friend of Mr. Smith. From this time the latter started and pursued a steady course of usefulness in many departments of life, and his name was long associated with the chief improvements in machinery and agriculture. From his locality he was widely known under the name of "Deanston." One of his first inventions was a machine for reaping corn. For this he received premiums from the Dalkeith Farmers' Club and the Highland Society. Though his plan was not in his lifetime carried out, it formed the germ of all subsequent inventions in that department. He directed his attention to the works which thus early had come under his management. He constructed an extensive wear across the river Teith, with a large water-course of nearly a mile in length. He designed eight waterwheels (but of which only four were erected), thirty-six feet in diameter, and twelve feet in breadth, giving four hundred horse power. Even these gigantic water-wheels he exceeded by those erected under his direction at the Shaws works, Greenock. The wear was complained of by the upper heritors as impeding the ascent of salmon, which Mr. Smith most effectually obviated by the ingenious construction of a ladder along the sloping side of the channel. The cross steps were about fourteen inches in depth and at the distances of eight or ten feet from each other. This broke the force of the current, and formed a series of pools and eddies similar to natural rapids on a river. The fish soon arrived and availed themselves of the provision made for them. Similar erections under the direction of Mr. Smith were subsequently made with equal success on the Don, the Clyde, and other rivers, and thus perplexing law suits were avoided. He worked out and patented the improved self-acting mule, which was extensively introduced into newly-erected manufactories, especially in America. His scientific knowledge was more than once successfully obtained in the construction of bridges and embankment of rivers. The chain bridges over the Forth at Gargunnock, and over the Teith at Linnie, are monuments of his versatile genius. One of his most valuable inventions was the sub-soil, or Deanston plough, which has been the means of introducing a greater amount of change in agriculture than any other application of modern science and mechanical skill. In 1834 he was examined on the subject before a committee of the house of commons; and it was mainly from the information and aid obtained from even him that the Royal Agricultural Society of England was about that time established. In 1823 Mr. Smith took under his management the farm of Deanston, consisting of about two hundred acres of very inferior land, and thus affording ample scope for his experiments. Here he first introduced his system of sub-soil ploughing and thorough draining. He thus described the principle of his scheme:—"There are many sub-soils which, though capable of being converted into good soil, yet if brought up and mixed with the active soil will so deteriorate it as to make it for some time sterile. It therefore occurred to me that the great point would be to stir up the sub-soil, still retaining the good soil on the surface. Stirring up the sub-soil would in the first place very much facilitate the escape of the water into the drains, and secondly, in consequence of the passage of the water through the stirred-up sub-soil, and the attendant admission of air, it would be so acted upon as to be converted into good soil, while at the same time there was all the advantage of working the good soil as before." A few years rendered Deanston a model farm, which was visited by persons from all parts of the country, and from other lands. His hospitality to strangers was only equalled by the valuable information he was always so ready to impart to all who sought his aid. He obtained several patents for mechanical improvements, and amongst the latest, one for a "dip for sheep," which has nearly superseded the former troublesome mode of smearing with tar. He also introduced plans for improved farm-steadings, watering fields, and distributing liquid manures, all of which are more or less now in general operation. Deanston factory was lighted up with gas so early as 1813, long before its introduction into towns. The power-looms, with numerous improvements, amounted to about three hundred, worked by about one-half of that number of girls. The looms were arranged in most convenient order in one large apartment,
