SPALDING, Georg Ludwig, a German philologist, was born at Barth, Pomerania, 8th April, 1762. After completing his studies in the universities of Göttingen and Halle, he travelled for some time in the western countries of Europe. After his return he was appointed tutor to the children of Prince Ferdinand of Russia, and soon after professor in the Berlinische gymnasium, which place he most honourably filled till his death, on the 7th June, 1811. The great task of his life was his critical edition of Quintilian, and he even refused the head mastership of his gymnasium in order to devote himself to this labour of love, which, however, he was unable to complete. Besides this principal fruit of his studies he wrote little; yet his "Attempts in Didactic Poetry," and his "Essays on the German Language," and on the "Worth of the Scholar," deserve mention. He was a man of solid learning, clear understanding, and gentle character.—(See his Eulogy by Buttmann, in the Transactions of the Berlin Academy.)—K. E.
SPALDING, John, a Scottish annalist, was clerk of the consistorial court of the diocese of Aberdeen, during the first half of the seventeenth century, but very little is known of his life. The records of the commissary court were unfortunately destroyed by an accidental fire in 1721, and with them perished the means of ascertaining any particulars as to the period of Spalding's official services in the establishment. His memory has been preserved by his well-known "Memorials of the Troubles in Scotland and in England," from 1624 to 1625. The first edition of this work, which was left in MS., published in 1792, is disfigured by numerous errors and defects. In 1829 an edition of Spalding's work was printed for the members of the Bannatyne Club, in 2 vols. 4to, under the superintendence of James Skene of Rubislaw, and David Laing. After the first volume had been printed from a collation of two comparatively modern versions of the MS., a more ancient and genuine copy was found in the collection of the earl of Fife, and was used in the preparation of the second volume. In 1850 a third edition, also in 2 vols. 4to, printed exclusively from this MS., was presented by Lord Saltoun to the members of the Spalding Club—a new book society which had been formed for the purpose of preserving historical and antiquarian works connected with the north of Scotland, and had adopted the name of the author of the "Memorials." Spalding appears to have been a candid and veracious chronicler, though he makes no attempt to conceal his own opinions and prepossessions; and his homely and minute details of contemporary events give a striking picture of the times, and are valuable to the historian.—J. T.
SPALDING, John Joachim, an eloquent preacher, was born at Treibsees in Swedish Pomerania. His father was rector of the gymnasium, and afterwards pastor. Spalding's mental and spiritual culture was carefully attended to from infancy. He studied at Rostock and Griefswalde, and though he devoted himself especially to theology, he gave much attention to other subjects. He afterwards travelled with a gentleman, whoso education he superintended. Spalding now employed himself in translating Shaftesbury, whose Platonism had an especial charm for him. In 1745 he was appointed secretary to the Swedish embassy at Berlin, and for two years lived in the house of the minister. At this period of his life he enjoyed the friendship of Gleim and Kleist. In 1748 he published his "Destination of Man," which established his reputation as a moralist. He became pastor of Lassahn the following year, and shortly afterwards married. In 1757 he was appointed præpositus and first preacher at Barth, and was preferred in 1764 to Nicolaikirche at Berlin, and elected a member of the consistory. He retained these dignities till 1788, when Frederic William II., influenced by the pietist party, issued his celebrated religious edict. Spalding thought the king desired to suppress liberty of thought on religious matters, and replunge theology into the darkness of scholasticism and mysticism. He resigned his offices and retired into private life, an action which increased the esteem in which he was held. He died in 1804. His sermons are remarkable for depth and simplicity, and his other works on theological and moral subjects are held in high reputation; his autobiography is an interesting production.—D. G.
SPALDING, Samuel, an English scholar, was born in London on 30th May, 1807, and was educated at the London university, where he took his degree of M.A. in May, 1840. He applied himself to his studies with such intensity as to bring on an illness which terminated his career in early life. He wrote "The Philosophy of Christian Morals" during a residence in Italy. Returning to England in the spring of 1842, he was again forced to leave his native land, and died at the Cape of Good Hope three weeks after landing, January 14, 1843.—F.
SPALDING, William, an accomplished critic and miscellaneous writer, was born in May, 1809, at Aberdeen, and educated at Aberdeen and at the Edinburgh university. In 1833 he became a member of the Faculty of Advocates, but never followed actively the practice of his profession. Delicate health compelled him, early in his career, to seek the warmer climate of Italy, a congenial residence to one like himself, deeply read in the classics. His personal experiences of Italy gave something of its value to his work, "Italy and the Italian Islands," published in 1841, and which was a singularly skilful synopsis of the political, social, and literary history of Italy from the earliest to his own time. One of Spalding's first works was a tractate, printed, we think, for private circulation only, on the "Two Noble Kinsmen," a play in which Shakspeare is supposed to have assisted Fletcher; and Spalding's gift of subtle criticism was strikingly displayed in the task of indicating the amount of Shakspeare's probable contributions to that drama. In 1840 he was appointed to the chair of belles-lettres in the university of Edinburgh, and his zeal as a practical teacher was if possible more admirable than his lucid eloquence as a lecturer. In 1845 he became professor of logic in the university of St. Andrews—a chair which he occupied till his death on the 16th November, 1859. Professor Spalding was a man of universal acquirements. He contributed to the Edinburgh Review and other periodicals, but feeble health and other circumstances did not allow him to devote himself to the composition of any elaborate work. His "Italy," his treatise on Logic contributed to the eighth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, and his "History of English Literature," 1853, serve but to show what he might have effected under more favourable conditions.—F. E.
SPALLANZANI, Lazaro, a distinguished Italian naturalist, was born at Scandiano in the duchy of Modena in 1729, and died at Padua on 12th February, 1799. After studying under the jesuits at Reggio he went to Bologna, where he prosecuted the study of classics and philosophy. In 1754 he became professor of logic and Greek in the university of Reggio; in 1761 he was professor of natural science at Modena, and in 1770 at Padua where he succeeded Vallisneri. He devoted great attention to physiology, and wrote numerous papers on the circulation of the blood, and on the functions of respiration, digestion, and generation. In order to acquire information he travelled extensively in Europe. He unfortunately incurred the jealousy and ill-will of some of his colleagues in Padua, but his students took his part and defended him from their assaults. He did much to promote the study of physiology. He wrote a work on the reproduction of animals, and contributed papers to various societies.—J. H. B.
SPANHEIM, Ezekiel, the famous diplomatist and scholar, was born 7th December, 1629, at Geneva, where his father, the subject of the succeeding article, was a professor. The father having removed to Leyden, the son studied there, and obtained the approbation and friendship of the two great rivals, Heinsius and Salmasius. Antiquities and theology were his favourite studies, with the Hebrew and Arabic languages. At his father's death he returned to Geneva, and there obtained a chair of eloquence in 1651—but he never delivered any public lectures. His reputation, however, induced the elector palatine to invite him to become superintendent of his son's studies, and this situation, by bringing him into the sphere of politics, decided the subsequent business of his life. He became a favourite with the elector and the electress, though they were far from agreeing with each other, and was able to give his leisure hours to the study of law and of classic literature. He had already written in defence of the elector's claims to the grand-vicarship of the empire, and he was in 1659 sent on a mission to the princes and states of Italy, but chiefly as accredited envoy to Rome, that he might keep an eye on the policy of the catholic electors at the papal court. Spanheim found time at Rome to gratify his ruling tastes, and to prosecute his favourite pursuits, especially devoting his leisure to numismatics, for the study of which he now enjoyed so many opportunities. Returning to Heidelberg in 1665, he was next employed on a variety of diplomatic missions to the states-general, to Breda, and to the court of Charles II. in England. The affairs of the elector of Brandenburg fell into
