element of truth in them; but even this is doubtful, and if it be so, we lack the clue to their general application. The researches on the anatomy of the brain were published under their joint names, but it is understood that the observations on its fibrous structure were due to Spurzheim. In the erection of the phrenological ystem Spurzheim claimed to have discovered eight new organs, and to have classified and analyzed the intellectual faculties. He believed also that he had succeeded in reconciling the system of phrenology with religion and morality. He is said to have had considerable success as a lecturer. His own firm faith in what he taught, his power of imparting his views in forcible language, and with appropriate illustration, his faculty of generalizing, and his aptitude in reply, were doubtless amongst the prime causes of the success of phrenology in the countries which he visited. His works on phrenology were numerous. A list of them may be found in the Phrenological Journal, vol. viii.—F. C. W.
SQUARCIONE, Francesco, an Italian painter, born at Padua in 1394, was the son of a notary, who appears to have had some property, as Squarcione was as early as 1422 enabled to travel in Italy and in Greece, collecting works of art, as well as drawing as he went. About 1439 he settled at home, and opened an art school, which his various collections rendered peculiarly valuable. Squarcione's museum is supposed to have been one of the earliest formed in modern times. He kept up his school until 1463, and has the honour of having been the founder of the Paduan school of painting; but his influence was felt all over the north of Italy. He is said to have educated as many as one hundred and thirty-seven scholars, among whom were Mantegna, Jacopo Bellini, and Marco Zoppo, three of the most prominent masters of their time. Squarcione introduced the study of the antique bassi rilievi, which greatly reformed the prevailing style of drawing. His own works are exceedingly scarce. He left two sons, painters, Giovanni and Bernardino; and died at Padua in 1474.—(Vasari, Vite dei Pittori, &c.; Moschini, Origine Delia Pittura in Padova, &c.)—R. N. W.
SQUIRE, Samuel, a learned English divine, the son of an apothecary at Warminster in Wiltshire, was born there in 1714, and was educated at St. John's college, Cambridge, of which he became a fellow. He was chaplain to Dr. Wynn, bishop of Bath and Wells, who gave him several preferments, and in 1749 he took the degree of D.D. In a year or two after, he was presented to the vicarage of Greenwich, and on the establishment of the household of the prince of Wales, he was appointed his royal highness' clerk of the closet. In 1760 he became dean of Bristol, and on the death of Dr. Ellis in the same year, was advanced to the bishopric of St. David's. He died in 1766. Dr. Squire was the author of "An Enquiry into the Nature of the English Constitution;" "The Ancient History of the Hebrews Vindicated," under the name of Theophanes Cantabrigiensis; two essays on Greek Chronology and Language; an edition of Plutarch "De Iside et Osiride," in Greek and English; an essay "On the Balance of the Civil Power in England;" "Indifference for Religion Inexcusable;" "Remarks upon Mr. Carte's History of England;" and a "Saxon Grammar," which he left in M S.—F.
STAAL, Madame de, originally known as Mademoiselle de Launai, was the daughter of a painter at Paris. She was born in 1693, and shortly after her birth was deserted by her father. She was educated at the priory of St. Louis at Rouen, and was afterwards in the service of the duchess of Maine. In this position she lived unhappily until by an accident her position was changed. A young lady in Paris, of great beauty, had been persuaded by her mother to counterfeit being possessed. Great numbers of persons went to see her, and Mademoiselle de Launai wrote a witty letter to Fontenelle, ridiculing the whole affair. The writer being discovered by the duchess, she was from that time taken into her favour and confidence. She afterwards shared in the disgrace of the duchess, and was confined in the Bastile for nearly two years. Subsequently the duchess married her to M. de Staal, a lieutenant in the Swiss guards. She died in 1750, and soon afterwards some memoirs of her life, written by herself, were published. Their style is pure and elegant, but they are simply amusing, and contain nothing important.—W. J. P.
STACKHOUSE, John, a botanist of note, lived during the latter part of the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth century, and died at Bath in 1819. He was fond of natural history, and was one of the founders of the Linnæan Society. He published descriptions of the sea-weeds of England under the title of "Nereis Britannica;" and he brought out an edition of the works of Theophrastus. He likewise contributed papers to the Transactions of the Linnæan Society. A genus of plants has been named Stackhousia.—J. H. B.
STACKHOUSE, Thomas, was born in 1681, but the place of his birth and education appears to be unknown. He was for a period pastor of the English church at Amsterdam, and he was afterwards curate at Richmond, Ealing, and Finchley. In 1733 he obtained the vicarage of Benham in Berkshire, and he died there in October, 1752. He appears during his life to have had a hard struggle with circumstances. His principal works are—"Miseries and Hardships of the Inferior Clergy;" "Memoirs of Bishop Atterbury;" "a Complete Body of Divinity;" "Exposition of the Creed;" "State of the Controversy between Woolston and his Opponents;" and his "New History of the Bible"—the most popular of his works—of which various editions have been published, one with notes by Principal Dewar, and another annotated by Bishop Gleig. He also published a poem, "Vana Doctrinæ Emolumenta," an autobiographical lament over his own disappointments and hardships.—J. E.
STADION, Philip, Count, an Austrian statesman, was born at Mayence, on the 18th of June, 1763. He was educated at the university of Göttingen, and entered the diplomatic service in 1787. The minister, Prince Kaunitz, sent him at the age of twenty-four to Sweden as plenipotentiary of the emperor. Five years later he went to London invested with the same dignity; but he threw up his charge in disgust on discovering that Thogut, prime minister at Vienna, had intrusted another envoy with the most important negotiations at St. James'. After spending some years on his estates he re-entered the Austrian service in 1801, and as ambassador at Berlin and St. Petersburg brought about the northern coalition against Napoleon, which was broken up by the battle of Austerlitz. He became minister for foreign affairs, and respected the peace of Presburg till 1809, when war was again declared against France. The battle of Wagram enabled Napoleon not only to marry Maria Louise, but to dismiss Stadion from office. The latter returned to power with the coalition of 1813, and signed the peace of Paris in 1814. He took part in the congress of Vienna, became minister of finance, and after labouring for ten years to improve the imperial revenue, died a poor man on the 15th of May, 1824.—R. H.
STAËL, Anne Louisa (Germaine Necker), Baronne ile Staël-Holstein, known as Madame de, was born at Paris on the 22nd of April, 1766. She was the only child of Necker (q.v.), in our memoir of whom the character of her mother has been sketched. An intelligent and studious girl, she was early noticed by the Raynals, Marmontels, Grimms, and other philosophers who frequented Madame Necker's salon. At the age of ten she is said to have offered to marry the historian Gibbon, an early lover of her mother's, that he might be retained near her parents, both of whom delighted in his company. In 1786 she made a marriage of convenience with the Baron de Staël-Holstein, considerably her senior, a man apparently of extravagant habits, but of good social position, being Swedish ambassador at the court of Paris. Two years afterwards, in 1788, on the eve of the French revolution, appeared her first work of note, the eloquent and enthusiastic "Lettres sur les ouvrages et le caracterè de J. J. Rousseau." Hailing, as might be expected in a disciple of Rousseau, the arrival of the French revolution, she soon ceased to admire a movement which early discarded her beloved father, and which early began its march towards a reign of terror. In January, 1793, she escaped to England, and taking up her residence at Juniper hall, near Richmond, Surrey, became the centre of a little colony of French emigrants. With the establishment of the government of the directory Baron de Staël resumed his diplomatic functions, and Madame de Staël returned to her beloved Paris and its salons. After some political oscillations, she became the lady-leader of the constitutionalists represented by her friend Benjamin Constant. To Napoleon she felt a repugnance from the moment she made his acquaintance, and after his coup d'êtat of the 18th Brumaire, her salon was the focus of opposition to the consular government. Her residence alternated between Paris and Coppet, her father's seat, and Napoleon, who disliked female politicians at all times, became embittered against Madame de Staël, both through her opposition to him at Paris, and from the encouragement which he supposed her to give to her father's publications depreciatory of the new order of things. She had published in 1800 her eloquent work, "De la Littérature considéreé dans ses rapports avec les
