grand master of the ordnance and surveyor-general of public works—in fact, sole minister of the realm; was sent in 1603 ambassador to the English monarch on his accession; and in 1606 was created Duc de Sully and a peer of France. After Henry's assassination Sully resigned the cares of office, and withdrew to his estates, where he spent the remainder of his life in rational and dignified, but not inactive retirement. It was during this period that he composed his "Memoirs," which give such interesting details of his own life and that of the royal master whom he had so long and so faithfully served. After thirty years thus spent in comparative tranquillity, he expired at the château of Villebon on the 22nd of December, 1641, in the eighty-second year of his age. "Sully was in the cabinet," justly remarks one of his biographers, "what Bayard was in the field, a chevalier without stain; he represents the order of gentlemen in the gallery of statesmen." Inspired by uncompromising honesty and spotless honour, he challenges our admiration as standing high among those rare ministers who refuse to sacrifice to the tortuous expediencies of the mere politician a single atom of dignity, of opinion, of religion. Yet although always conscientious and often stern and rough, Sully was no bigot: the indomitable Huguenot lived on friendly terms with the catholics, with the pope, with the Guises; and he could even unbend, when occasion called for it, into not ungraceful gaiety. He was preeminently a man of action, as is evident from his whole career, and from the character of the "Memoirs" already referred to. Like our own Cromwell, he seems to have had a difficulty in conveying his thoughts with due brevity and intelligibility. Still, the large brain and the strong arm are apparent alike in his life and in his writings.—J. J.
SULPICIA, a Roman lady of high rank, was distinguished as a poetess in the reign of Domitian. Her writings are highly praised by Martial and Ausonius. A small piece ascribed to her is contained in the Corpus Poetarum Latinorum. It consists of a satire on Domitian extending to about seventy hexameter lines, and is of no great literary interest.—G.
SULPICIUS, Lemonia Rufus Servius, was born about 106 b.c. He was the friend of Cicero, and began life as an orator, but he soon applied himself to the study of the law. It appears that he was intrusted with many important offices, such as quæstor, curule ædile, and praetor. In 52 b.c. he was interrex, and returned Cn. Pompey as consul. In 51 b.c. he was himself consul with M. Claudius Marcellus. During the war between Cæsar and Pompey he took neither side, but had endeavoured to prevent the disastrous occurrence, in opposition to the sentiments of his colleague. After it Cæsar made him governor of Achæa, 46 b.c. When Cæsar was put to death the senate sent him and two others on a mission to Anthony at Mutina, to induce him to raise the siege of that place. But he died on reaching Anthony's camp, 43 b.c. He received the honours of a public funeral, and a bronze statue was erected to his memory on the recommendation of Cicero, who gives him great praise both as an orator and lawyer. Had it not been for the brilliant abilities and reputation of his friend, Sulpicius would have towered above all his contemporaries. His mind was well disciplined, his knowledge of law profound, his diction clear and elegant, his style excellent. He wrote about one hundred and eighty treatises on law, a commentary on the Twelve Tables, and various other works, which have all perished. He was also the author of some love poems. In the fourth book of Cicero's letters two of Sulpicius' are extant; and Cicero's to him are there.—S. D.
SULPICIUS, Rufus Publius, was born 124 b.c. In 93 b.c. he was quæstor, and served in the social war as legate of Cn. Pompeius Strabo. In 88 b.c. he was tribune of the people, and as such opposed Caius Julius Cæsar, who endeavoured to procure the consulate illegally. His proposed law to divide among all the tribes the allies and freedmen who had received the rights of citizenship, met with the most violent opposition from a party of the nobles headed by the consuls Sulla and Q. Pompeius Rufus, so that it was only carried out at the expense of much bloodshed. Both consuls were obliged to leave the city. Sulpicius then attached himself to the party of Marius, and carried a rogatio for transferring the command of the war against Mithridates from Sulla to Marias. Sulla therefore marched from Nola to Rome, and took forcible possession of the city. Sulpicius was among the twelve proscribed persons. He was betrayed by his slaves and murdered at his villa, near Rome. Sulpicius was a distinguished orator, and is highly praised by Cicero, who introduces him as one of the speakers in his work De Oratore—S. D.
SULPICIUS, Severus, a christian writer, was born in Aquitain in Gaul, about 363. In his youth he studied eloquence, and obtained great reputation as an advocate. Having married a lady of consular rank who died young, he retired from public life after her death and became a monk in Aquitain. For this step his father seems to have disinherited him. But his father-in-law rewarded him liberally. He made several journeys to Tours, and became intimate with Martin, bishop of the place. He was also on terms of friendship with Paulinus of Nola and Jerome. Gennadius says that he was entangled by the metaphysics of the Pelagians in his old age; but he recovered himself and kept silence afterwards. He died about 410. His best work is his "Historia Sacra," in two books, from the creation to 400. The narrative is condensed, and written in a classic style. He also wrote the life of St. Martin, "Vita Sancti Martini Turonensis," &c. To the latter is prefixed an epistle; and three letters are subjoined relative to Martin. He is the author besides of "Dialogi Tres," on the miracles of the oriental monks. From the purity of his Latin style he has been called the Christian Sallust. His works ,are in Galland's Bibliotheca Patrum, vol. viii.—S. D.
SULZER, Johann Georg, was born at Winterthur, in the canton of Zürich, on the 16th October, 1720. He studied originally for the church, and in fact for a short time discharged the duties of the pastoral office, but ill health obliged him to abandon them. He then devoted himself to his favourite studies of natural history, mathematics, and philosophy, and in 1747 was appointed professor in a gymnasium at Berlin. He was afterwards promoted to a professorship in the newly-founded military college, by the king of Prussia, who also conferred upon him a handsome pension. He died 25th February, 1779. Sulzer's fame mainly rests on his chief work, "Allgemeine Theorie der schönen Künste," a general cyclopedia of literature and the fine arts, published 1771-74. Yet, although not devoid of merit, it is a work of very ordinary character, and fitly described by the youthful Göthe the year the first part made its appearance, as "the production of a man who has doubtless travelled in the land of art, but who was not born and trained in it, and for whom it has never been an abiding residence."—J. J.
SUMAROKOFF, Alexander Petrovitch, a Russian miscellaneous writer, whose special claim to celebrity rests on the part he took in establishing the drama in his native country. He was born in 1718, and being the son of a general officer he was educated in the school of cadets. The study of French literature, especially of Racine, prompted him to write poetry in Russian—first lyric, then dramatic. His earliest composition, "Khoreff," having been acted by the cadets, was repeated before the Empress Elizabeth, at the request of her minister, Ivan Schuvaloff, who had interested himself in the welfare of the poet. A theatre was established in 1750 at the provincial town of Yaroslaff, where Sumarokoff's dramas were performed. By command of the empress the company of actors removed to St. Petersburg, where in 1756 was founded the first national theatre, of which Sumarokoff was appointed the director. For this new stage he wrote with unfailing fecundity tragedies, histories, comedies, and operas. Deficient in originality, he did not succeed in creating a Russian drama with truly national characteristics. He wrote on all kinds of subjects in prose and verse, and in many styles, but never reached the height of his contemporary Lomonozsoff, of whom he is said to have been extremely jealous. He also edited the Industrious Bee, a periodical. He died in March, 1778.—R. H.
SUMNER, Charles, an eminent American statesman, was born at Boston in 1811, and was educated at Harvard college, where he took his degree in 1830. He then turned his attention to the study of law, was called to the bar in 1834, and soon obtained the reputation of a sound lawyer. In 1836 he edited Dunlop's Treatise of the Practice of the Admiralty Courts in cases of Civil Jurisdiction at Sea. In the following year he visited Europe, and on his return home he was elected to serve in congress, took a prominent part in political affairs, and became one of the leaders of the antislavery party. He rendered himself in consequence exceedingly obnoxious to the Southern party, and after a brilliant antislavery speech in congress, was assaulted in the house in a most disgraceful manner
